Induced vergence-accommodation conflict reduces cognitive performance in the Stroop test

Daniel, François; Kapoula, Zoı̈

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37778-y

Cited by 38 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The results favor the hypothesis previously proposed by our lab: that disconjugate drifts arise from poor vergence control 13 , 57 . Further, our lab has previously shown that experimental induction of vergence/accommodation mismatch negatively impacts disconjugate post-saccadic drifts 27 . Indeed, the present study argues that these vergence velocity abnormalities and disconjugate post-saccadic drifts are related.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Indeed, previous studies have shown that when a mismatch of vergence and accommodation is induced experimentally (with the use of prisms or spherical lenses), saccades become more disconjugate (divergent), and the correlation between intra-saccadic disconjugacy and the post-saccadic disconjugacy drift weakens. Therefore, residual disparities during fixation occur, which would interfere with cognition and reading tested with the Stroop test 27 . Saccades themselves are necessary to move the eyes from one word to the next across a line of text.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential diagnosis of vergence and saccade disorders in dyslexia

Ward

Kapoula

2020

Sci Rep

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Previous studies suggest vergence and saccade abnormalities in dyslexic adolescents. However, these studies are mainly clinically based and do not provide objective measurements of eye movements, but rather subjectively evaluate vergence using haplosopic conditions in which the two eyes are dissociated (via polarizers, prisms, or intermittent spectacles). Other studies have identified deficits with binocular coordination during reading in dyslexics. Yet, there are few studies that provide objective measurements of eye movements in the dyslexic population to help provide more information regarding if these deficits could be due to an intrinsic motor problem or if they are the consequence of poor reading. 47 dyslexic adolescents (18 female, 29 male; mean age 15.5) and 44 non-dyslexic adolescents (22 female, 22 male; mean age 14.8) wore a head-based eye tracker (PupilCore, Pupil Labs, Berlin) which recorded wide angle saccade and vergence eye movements at 200 Hz. Tests were run using the REMOBI device, which produced a saccade or vergence audiovisual target. Analysis of eye movements was performed with lab-developed software, AIDEAL. The results showed statistically significant abnormalities in vergence and saccades. In vergence, dyslexics displayed a reduced amplitude of the visually driven portion of convergence and a longer duration in the initial phase of divergence. In saccades, dyslexic adolescents demonstrated slower saccades in both directions. They also had an increased disconjugate drift in the first 80 or 160 ms following saccades to the right, suggesting poor binocular coordination. For both vergence and saccades, the peak velocity and time to peak velocity was higher and earlier, respectively, in non-dyslexics compared to dyslexics; yet the average velocity of both movements was lower in dyslexics. Thus, these results indicate peculiar velocity profiles in dyslexics, particularly a slow deceleration phase in both vergence and saccades. The study provides an objective method to diagnose vergence and saccade abnormalities while viewing targets in the real three-dimensional space in a dyslexic population. Vergence abnormalities are demonstrated to be a problem in dyslexics, occurring independently from reading. We hypothesize these disconjugate drifts following saccades are the result of slow vergence capacity. Rehabilitation programs, such as those using REMOBI, should aim to target these deficits in vergence velocity, as this has been shown to improve binocular control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential diagnosis of vergence and saccade disorders in dyslexia

Ward

Kapoula

2020

Sci Rep

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Based on the previous results, they explained that viewing three-dimensional content requires viewers to use more cognitive resources for processing three-dimensional information compared to two-dimensional content and that eyestrain is really brain strain, indicating cumulative cognitive load. Another previous study (Daniel & Kapoula, 2019) investigating for visually normal young participants indicated an interplay between vergence accommodation conflict and cognitive load and the link between cognition and high quality of single binocular vision. In addition, as shown in a recent review (Orru & Longo, 2019), visual input relates to working memory as well as auditory input, which is one of premise of Cognitive Load Theory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Effect of acute eye fatigue on cognition for young females: a pilot study

Akagi

Tonotsuka

Horie

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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The number of people suffering from eye fatigue induced by visual display terminal (VDT) viewing is expected to increase in the modern world. Eye dysfunction is suggested to induce a decrease in cognitive function, at least in the long term. Furthermore, considering other previous findings, it may be reasonable to think that acute or relatively short-term eye dysfunction attenuates cognitive function for not only older but also young individuals. Hence, clarification of the effect of eye fatigue induced by VDT viewing on cognitive performance is essential in order to maintain and/or improve our quality of life in the modern world regardless of age. The present study investigated the effect of eye fatigue induced by 1-h VDT viewing on cognitive performance, to test the hypothesis that such eye fatigue impairs cognitive performance in young individuals. A total of 19 healthy female university students voluntarily participated in this study. Before and after the 1-h VDT viewing or resting, the degree of eye fatigue and cognitive performance were evaluated. Refractive error measurement was performed to assess the degree of eye fatigue using a binocular auto refractometer, and a memory recognition task and Go/NoGo task were used to estimate cognitive performance. Response accuracy and reaction time were evaluated in the two tasks. Due to difficulty in interpreting the data of refractive error for one participant from the perspective of eye fatigue, the data for 18 participants were used for further analysis. The refractive error was significantly lower after than before the VDT viewing, but a corresponding change was not found before and after resting. Regarding cognitive performance, only the reaction time in the memory recognition task varied with the VDT viewing or resting. The reaction time was significantly longer after than before resting, without a corresponding difference before and after the VDT viewing. Thus, the 1-h VDT viewing induced eye fatigue, but relatively improved rather than attenuated reaction time in the memory recognition task. These results suggest that the effect of the increase in arousal level induced by the present VDT viewing on memory recognition compensated for the negative effect of 1-h resting of the eyes. We conclude that the acute eye fatigue induced by the 1-h VDT viewing does not have detrimental effects on cognition in young females at least under the present conditions.

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“…These observations corroborate the effect of defocus on visual demands. In addition, the vergence-accommodation conflict has been shown to interfere with cognitive executive functions [92]. It is speculated that the neural correlates between cognitive control and the vergence-accommodation coupling partially overlap at the level of the frontal and parietal lobes.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Eye-head coordination and dynamic visual scanning as indicators of visuo-cognitive demands in driving simulator

et al. 2020

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Driving is an everyday task involving a complex interaction between visual and cognitive processes. As such, an increase in the cognitive and/or visual demands can lead to a mental overload which can be detrimental for driving safety. Compiling evidence suggest that eye and head movements are relevant indicators of visuo-cognitive demands and attention allocation. This study aims to investigate the effects of visual degradation on eye-head coordination as well as visual scanning behavior during a highly demanding task in a driving simulator. A total of 21 emmetropic participants (21 to 34 years old) performed dual-task driving in which they were asked to maintain a constant speed on a highway while completing a visual search and detection task on a navigation device. Participants did the experiment with optimal vision and with contact lenses that introduced a visual perturbation (myopic defocus). The results indicate modifications of eye-head coordination and the dynamics of visual scanning in response to the visual perturbation induced. More specifically, the head was more involved in horizontal gaze shifts when the visual needs were not met. Furthermore, the evaluation of visual scanning dynamics, based on time-based entropy which measures the complexity and randomness of scanpaths, revealed that eye and gaze movements became less explorative and more stereotyped when vision was not optimal. These results provide evidence for a reorganization of both eye and head movements in response to increasing visual-cognitive demands during a driving task. Altogether, these findings suggest that eye and head movements can provide relevant information about visuo-cognitive demands associated with complex tasks. Ultimately, eye-head coordination and visual scanning dynamics may be good candidates to estimate drivers’ workload and better characterize risky driving behavior.

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Induced vergence-accommodation conflict reduces cognitive performance in the Stroop test

Cited by 38 publications

References 58 publications

Differential diagnosis of vergence and saccade disorders in dyslexia

Differential diagnosis of vergence and saccade disorders in dyslexia

Effect of acute eye fatigue on cognition for young females: a pilot study

Eye-head coordination and dynamic visual scanning as indicators of visuo-cognitive demands in driving simulator

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