Inducible isoforms of cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthase in inflammation.

Vane, John R.; Mitchell, Jane A.; Appleton, Ian; Tomlinson, Anneka; Bishop‐Bailey, David; Croxtall, Jamie J.; Willoughby, D. A.

doi:10.1073/pnas.91.6.2046

Cited by 965 publications

(543 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…As part of the NTP assessment, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) measured methyl eugenol exposure in a non-representative sample of adults in the U.S. as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994. According to Robison and Barr (19), methyl eugenol has a relatively short half-life so exposure assessment needs to include data related to when food was consumed relative to the collection of blood samples.…”

Section: Consumption and Exposure Assessment Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of herbs and spices in cancer prevention

Kaefer

Milner

2008

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

410

254

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Historically herbs and spices have enjoyed a rich tradition of use for their flavor-enhancement characteristics and for their medicinal properties. The rising prevalence of chronic diseases worldwide and the corresponding rise in health care costs is propelling interest among researchers and the public for these food related items for multiple health benefits, including a reduction in cancer risk and modification of tumor behavior. A growing body of epidemiological and preclinical evidence points to culinary herbs and spices as minor dietary constituents with multiple anticancer characteristics. This review focuses on the anti-microbial, antioxidant, and anti-tumorigenic properties of herbs and spices, their ability to influence carcinogen bioactivation, and likely anticancer contributions. While culinary herbs and spices present intriguing possibilities for health promotion, more complete information is needed about the actual exposures to dietary components that are needed to bring about a response and the molecular target(s) for specific herbs and spices. Only after this information is obtained will it be possible to define appropriate intervention strategies to achieve maximum benefits from herbs and spices without eliciting ill-consequences.

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Section: Consumption and Exposure Assessment Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cyclooxygenase (COX) has a critical role in the inflammatory process and has been shown to contribute to pain, swelling, and stiffness (66,67). Likewise, the LOX pathway produces leukotrienes which, like PGs, are potent causal pain agents.…”

Section: Inflammation-sincementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of herbs and spices in cancer prevention

Kaefer

Milner

2008

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

410

254

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“…16,27,33 There is extensive evidence based on animal, as well as human studies supporting the role of COX-2 in the development of inflammation. 27,32,34 Animal models of inflammation have demonstrated that COX-2 mRNA and protein as well as PGs increase in a time-dependent manner that parallels the inflammatory process. 1 Inflammatory cytokines and endotoxins can induce a 10 to 80-fold increase in the level of COX-2 expression in monocytes, macrophages, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in a Clinical Model of Acute Inflammation

Khan

Iadarola

Yang

et al. 2007

The Journal of Pain

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Cyclooxygenase (COX) plays an important role in the induction of pain and inflammation as well as the analgesic actions of NSAIDs and coxibs. This study evaluates the expression of the two isoforms COX-1 and COX-2 in a clinical model in which the surgical removal of impacted third molars is used to evaluate the analgesic activity of anti-inflammatory drugs. A 3 mm punch biopsy was performed on the oral mucosa overlying one impacted third molar immediately before extraction of two impacted lower third molars. After the second tooth was extracted, a second biopsy was performed adjacent to the surgical site either immediately after surgery, 30, 60 or 120 minutes after surgery. RNA was extracted from the biopsies and RT-PCR was performed to assess mRNA levels of COX-1, COX-2 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH). The RT-PCR products in the biopsies were normalized to G3PDH and compared to baseline. COX-2 mRNA was progressively increased at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after surgery (P<0.05); COX-1 mRNA was transiently decreased at 60 minutes during the post-surgical period (P<0.05). The results demonstrate peripheral elevation of COX-2 following tissue injury, which may contribute to increased prostaglandin E 2 at the site of injury, pain onset and the analgesic activity of both non-selective NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors.Perspective-This clinical study uses a physiologically relevant model to determine the time course of expression of COX -1 and -2 in acute inflammation of the human oral mucosa. This study furthers our understanding of the contribution of the COX isoforms to acute pain.

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“…NO has been reported to modulate the activity of COX-2 in a cGMP-independent manner, and NO plays a critical role in the release of PGE 2 by direct activation of COX-2 (Salvemini et al, 1993). NO production has been shown as a key regulator of homeostasis and NO is known as an important mediator of inflammation in several animal models (Vane et al, 1994). Especially, the generation of NO by iNOS plays an important role in inflammation, host-defense responses, and tissue repair (Nathan and Xie, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aqueous extract of Paeonia radix suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced expressions of cyclooygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse BV2 microglial cells

Hong¹,

Kim²,

Yang³

et al. 2008

Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine

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SUMMARYPaeonia radix is the root of Paeonia aliflora Pallas, which is a perennial plant classified in the family Paeoniaceae. Paeonia radix possesses several pharmacological effects such as analgesic, antiinflammatory and anti-allergic, anti-oxidative, and anti-coagulant activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of the aqueous extract of Paeonia radix on the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in mouse BV2 microglial cells. The aqueous extract of Paeonia radix at respective concentration was treated one hour before lipopolysaccharide treatment. In the present results, the aqueous extract of Paeonia radix suppressed prostaglandin E 2 synthesis and nitric oxide production by inhibiting the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse BV2 microglial cells. These results demonstrate that Paeonia radix exerts anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects probably by suppressing mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthesis. The present study demonstrates that Paeonia radix may offer a valuable mean of therapy for brain inflammatory diseases.

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Inducible isoforms of cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthase in inflammation.

Cited by 965 publications

References 48 publications

The role of herbs and spices in cancer prevention

The role of herbs and spices in cancer prevention

Expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in a Clinical Model of Acute Inflammation

Aqueous extract of Paeonia radix suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced expressions of cyclooygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse BV2 microglial cells

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