Induction of anesthesia and recovery in donkeys sedated with xylazine: a comparison of midazolam–alfaxalone and midazolam–ketamine

Maney, Jill K.; Durham, H. Edward; Goucher, Kathleen P; Little, Erika

doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2018.03.006

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However, there was a single case of vomiting with KX that can be related to xylazine being emetic in Hyaenidae and other carnivores (Bufalari et al, 2007; Hahn et al, 2014). The studies on donkeys, captive cougars, Southern river otters, free-ranging African lions, and marmosets had excellent to good scores using ketamine with medetomidine or other drugs such as xylazine (Selmi et al, 2004a; Soto-Azat, Reyes & Medina-Vogel, 2004; Wenger et al, 2010; Bakker et al, 2013; Lescano et al, 2014; Maney et al, 2018). The quality and depth of the anaesthesia were excellent with KM combination providing deep anaesthesia, no body movements or sudden jerks, the absence of pedal and palpebral reflexes, no muscle tone and no response to an external stimulus such as injections and sample collection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of physiological responses of Arabian striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) to effective immobilisations with ketamine-medetomidine and ketamine-xylazine in (semi-) captive conditions

Mehmood

Abid

Hejcmanová

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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Chemical immobilisation is an integral component for the conservation of wild animals and can be stressful if proper protocols are not administered. References on the immobilisation of Arabian striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) are scarce. The current study was designed to evaluate the physiological and clinical responses of Arabian striped hyaena, immobilised with ketamine-medetomidine (KM) and ketamine-xylazine (KX); and to compare immobilisation effectiveness of the two combinations in a cross-sectional clinical study. A total of 15 (six males, nine females) (semi-) captive and adult Arabian striped hyaena with an average weight of 31.39 ± 0.36 kg were immobilised 50 times for annual vaccination and translocation purposes from January 2014 till March 2018 on Sir Bani Yas Island, United Arab Emirates. A total of 34 immobilisations were executed with (Mean ± SE) 2.27 ± 0.044 mg/kg ketamine and 0.04 ± 0.001 mg/kg medetomidine; while 16 with 4.95 ± 0.115 mg/kg ketamine and 0.99 ± 0.023 mg/kg xylazine. The drugs were remotely delivered intramuscular. The evaluation of physiological and clinical parameters included monitoring of vital signs through pulse oximetry, blood gas analysis of arterial blood through Istat blood gas analyser, and blood biochemistry and haematology. The quality of induction, anaesthesia and recovery was also assessed. Atipamezole (0.21 ± 0.003 mg/kg) was used to antagonise the effects of KM and 0.09 ± 0.003 mg/kg atipamezole or by 0.23 ± 0.006 mg/kg yohimbine for KX. Data were analysed using the general linear model and inferential statistics. KM was more effective in induction (scores; KM = 1.41 ± 0.10; KX = 1.31 ± 0.12), anaesthesia (KM = 1.00 ± 0.00; KX = 2.0 ± 0.0) and recovery (KM = 1.76 ± 0.15; KX = 2.69 ± 0.12) phases as compared to KX. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) amongst the two combinations for anaesthesia time (KM = 59.5 ± 2.41; KX = 49.25 ± 1.31 min.), time to stand after reversal (KM = 4.91 ± 0.60; KX = 10.38 ± 1.48 min.) and full loss of the signs of anaesthetics (KM = 12.32 ± 1.37; KX = 21.25 ± 2.16 min.) along with rectal temperature (KM = 37.58 ± 0.29; KX = 36.00 ± 0.68 °C), pulse rate (KM = 50.46 ± 1.90; KX = 61.14 ± 2.79 beats/min), respiration rate (KM = 29.44 ± 0.99; KX = 23.80 ± 1.57 breaths/min.) and partial pressure of oxygen (KM = 89.59 ± 1.34; KX = 82.06 ± 3.92%). The blood oxygen saturation by oximeter indicated hypoxaemia in KX (82.06 ± 3.92), supported by the data from blood gas analyser. KM combination was more suitable for the immobilisation of Arabian striped hyaena, providing a better quality of induction, anaesthesia and recovery compared to KX. However, we strongly suggest further investigation to see the effects of oxygen supplementation for the compensation of hypoxaemia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of physiological responses of Arabian striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) to effective immobilisations with ketamine-medetomidine and ketamine-xylazine in (semi-) captive conditions

Mehmood

Abid

Hejcmanová

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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“…A recent study compared midazolam (0.05 mg/kg IV) and alfaxalone (1 mg/kg IV) with midazolam (0.05 mg/kg IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg IV) following premedication with xylazine (2 mg/kg IM, followed by 0.5 mg/kg IV after 60 minutes) in donkeys. 29 Inductions were quicker with alfaxalone but recoveries were smoother and shorter in the ketamine group. Hypoxemia occurred with both drug combinations.…”

Section: Alfaxalonementioning

confidence: 95%

Anesthesia, Sedation, and Pain Management of Donkeys and Mules

Matthews¹,

Loon

2019

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

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“…15 The amount of research is sparse, but it has been shown that these species develop hypoxaemia under general anaesthesia similarly to the horse. [16][17][18][19] However, mules exist in a wide variety of weights and body shapes, which may lead to large variations in the development of hypoxaemia. 15 Perianaesthetic hypoxaemia is a common issue with equine patients, and treatment options are not always efficient.…”

Section: Hypoxaemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides differences in drug requirements, no major relevant anatomical or physiological differences in pulmonary function are expected between horses, donkeys and mules 15 . The amount of research is sparse, but it has been shown that these species develop hypoxaemia under general anaesthesia similarly to the horse 16–19 . However, mules exist in a wide variety of weights and body shapes, which may lead to large variations in the development of hypoxaemia 15…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful management of hypoxaemia in a mule during general anaesthesia

Hoeberg

Levionnois

Andreis

2021

Vet Record Case Reports

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An 8-year-old, 167 kg mule was scheduled for surgical treatment of a hip luxation in lateral recumbency. During general anaesthesia, after a short phase of spontaneous breathing followed by mechanical ventilation at standard settings, the mule developed hypoxaemia (arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO 2 ) 8.3 kPa). First, respiratory rate, tidal volume and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) were increased; 5 cmH 2 0 of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and nebulized salbutamol were administered. Second, three vital capacity manoeuvres were executed (tidal volume of 20 ml kg −1 ). No immediate improvement in PaO 2 (8.0 kPa) was observed. A further recruitment manoeuvre with increased peak inspiratory pressure (up to 44 cmH 2 O) and PEEP (25 cmH 2 O) was performed. Over the following 120 min, PaO 2 increased progressively. The mule recovered without complications. This case reports that mules can develop hypoxaemia during general anaesthesia that can be treated with recruitment manoeuvres. However, the effect may not be immediate.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Induction of anesthesia and recovery in donkeys sedated with xylazine: a comparison of midazolam–alfaxalone and midazolam–ketamine

Abstract: Both midazolam-alfaxalone and midazolam-ketamine produced acceptable anesthetic induction and recovery in donkeys after xylazine sedation. Hypoxemia occurred with both treatments.

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

Comparison of physiological responses of Arabian striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) to effective immobilisations with ketamine-medetomidine and ketamine-xylazine in (semi-) captive conditions

Comparison of physiological responses of Arabian striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) to effective immobilisations with ketamine-medetomidine and ketamine-xylazine in (semi-) captive conditions

Anesthesia, Sedation, and Pain Management of Donkeys and Mules

Successful management of hypoxaemia in a mule during general anaesthesia

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