Recent advances in proteomics have allowed a number of refractory diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, to be studied at the molecular level. The main causative factor of such disease states is often associated with intracellular organelles or particular subcellular proteins. Thus, the intracellular organelles, proteins or genes might constitute the therapeutic target. Recently, it was discovered that certain peptides, referred to as protein transduction domains (PTDs), can penetrate cells accompanied by a large molecular cargo. Considerable research effort is currently focused on utilizing PTDs as peptide-based carriers for intracellular drug delivery.
1-3)Tat peptide, derived from the HIV-1, and Antennapedia peptide, derived from Drosophila Antennapedia homeotic transcription factor, are well known PTDs that have been tested as drug delivery carriers for various disease models. [4][5][6][7][8][9] PTDs can even deliver bulky molecular cargos (>100 kDa) into a wide variety of cell types. [10][11][12][13] However, to use PTDs as effective intracellular drug delivery carriers with clinical applications, it is necessary to create novel PTDs with greater protein-transduction potency than exists naturally.An attempt to create a novel PTD by modification of the peptide structure has already been reported. 14,15) However, because it is difficult to predict the transduction activity of the peptide based on structural information alone, novel peptides must be generated by introducing amino acid substitutions and then the effects determined by trial and error. Recently, we have successfully generated a technology for creating novel muteins (mutant proteins) that have non-native functions using a phage display system.16) This prompted us to apply phage display technology to screen for novel PTDs.The phage display system is a protein selection methodology in which a library of mutant proteins or peptides can be screened and the desired molecules easily identified by linking DNA information (genotype) with phenotype (protein expression). [16][17][18][19][20] By applying this methodology, novel PTDs can be selected such as those transduced into the cell by a different mechanism or those with tissue/cell specificity. In general, the phage display system is used to isolate antibody and peptide ligands using an affinity selection step to target the desired molecules. However, for the discovery of PTDs it is necessary to construct a screening method to select clones that are transduced into the cell rather than simply selecting those that bind to the cell surface. We designed a highthroughput screening method to isolate effective PTDs by fusing PTD with Protein Synthesis Inhibitory Factor (PSIF).21) Here, we used our methodology to identify novel Tat mutants with greater transduction potency than wild-type Tat PTD. ; 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan: and b Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University; 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Ja...