Induction of Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 Cells Treated with the Methanol Extract of Lichen Physconia hokkaidensis

Abstract

Physconia hokkaidensis methanol extract (PHE) was studied to identify anticancer effects and reveal its mechanism of action by an analysis of cytotoxicity, cell cycles, and apoptosis biomarkers. PHE showed strong cytotoxicity in various cancer cells, including HL-60, HeLa, A549, Hep G2, AGS, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7. Of these cell lines, the growth of MDA-MB-231 was concentration-dependently suppressed by PHE, but MCF-7 was not affected. MDA-MB-231 cells, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, do not express estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), whereas MCF-7 cells are ER-positive, PR-positive, and HER-2-negative breast cancer cells. The number of cells in sub-G1 phase was increased after 24 h of treatment, and annexin V/PI staining showed that the population size of apoptotic cells was increased by prolonged exposure to PHE. Moreover, PHE treatment downregulated the transcriptional levels of Bcl-2, AMPK, and p-Akt, whereas it significantly upregulated the levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved-PARP. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the PHE exhibited selective cytotoxicity toward MDA-MB-231, not toward MCF-7, and its cytotoxic activity is based on induction of apoptosis.

Sisplatin ve Karboplatin Yüklü Albumin Nanopartiküllerin Meme Kanseri Hücreleri Üzerindeki Sitotoksik Etkileri

“…It is known for its lack of expression of the 2 (HER2) gene and is considered to be the most aggressive breast cancer cells that can lead to early metastasis. 21,22 For this reason, TNBC breast cancer with MDA-MB-231 cancer cells is a type of breast cancer that is difficult to treat, and it is very important that the nano-drugs we synthesize are also effective in this cell group. Many of the drawbacks of conventional drug delivery systems can be solved by nanocarrier-dependent drug delivery applications.…”

The therapeutic potential of natural metabolites in targeting endocrine-independent HER-2-negative breast cancer

“…The main groups of secondary metabolites reported to have anticancer properties in endocrine-independent HER-2-negative breast cancer are phenolics, alkaloids, and terpenoids ( Raman et al, 2018 ; Ding et al, 2020 ; Lee et al, 2020 ; Mazzei et al, 2020 ; Maungchanburi et al, 2021 ; Noh et al, 2021 ; Lin et al, 2022 ; Qi et al, 2022 ; Sancha et al, 2022 ; Youssef et al, 2022 ; Thilagavathi et al, 2023 ). Phenolics include simple phenols (phenolic acids and coumarins) and polyphenols (flavonoids and non-flavonoids such as tannins, lignans, and stilbenes).…”

“…Subsequently, appropriate extraction techniques should be used to isolate metabolites of interest. In addition to simple extraction techniques, such as mixing/shaking, maceration or continuous extraction in the Soxhlet apparatus, novel extraction techniques, such as supercritical fluid extraction, sonication, ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction ( Shin et al, 2017 ; Raman et al, 2018 ; Ding et al, 2020 ; Lee et al, 2020 ; Mazzei et al, 2020 ; Noh et al, 2021 ; Youssef et al, 2022 ) are in demand. The extraction process is usually carried out at room temperature in order to protect biologically active metabolites from degradation.…”

ROS-Induced DNA-Damage and Autophagy in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Usnea barbata Oil Extract—An In Vitro Study

“…Their most significant pharmacological effects are antioxidant [ 27 , 28 ], antimicrobial [ 29 , 30 ], anticancer [ 31 , 32 ], photoprotective [ 33 , 34 , 35 ], and anti-inflammatory [ 36 ]. Therefore, they are considered important bioactive representatives with pharmaceutical applications [ 37 ] as a potential source of anticancer [ 38 , 39 , 40 ] and antibiotic medicines [ 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Recently, a few authors performed lichens incorporation in different pharmaceutical formulations [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ].…”