Induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in tadpoles of the common toad (Rhinella arenarum) treated with the herbicides Liberty® and glufosinate-ammonium

Re-registration Challenges of Glyphosate in the European Union

“…Teratogenicity is not exclusively related to POEA, as a POEAfree micro-emulsion formulation containing polyethoxylated isotridecyletherpropylamine as a surfactant, Roundup R Power 2.0 has been found to exert embryotoxicty on X. laevis in the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) with a 96-h EC 50 value of 7.8 mg/l, while glyphosate was not found to be embryolethal, only causing edemas at the highest concentration tested, 50 mg/l (Bonfanti et al, 2018). Toxic effects were correlated with the inhibition of degradative enzymes (esterases and glutathione S-transferase) (Lajmanovich et al, 2011(Lajmanovich et al, , 2013(Lajmanovich et al, , 2014, while teratogenic effects and malformations have been linked to inhibition of the retinoic acid signaling pathway (Paganelli et al, 2010;Carrasco, 2013). Other studies on amphibians indicated increased excretion of defensive chemicals in the common toads (Bufo bufo) upon exposure throughout larval development to Glyphogan Classic R (360 g/l glyphosate-the same composition as Roundup Classic R , 41.5 w/w% glyphosate and 15.5 w/w% POEA) at a level corresponding to 4 mg/l glyphosate concentration (Bókony et al, 2017;Miko Z.…”

“…Differential toxicity of glyphosate and its formulated PPPs have been also considered in the official scientific opinion by EFSA on pesticide risk assessment for amphibians and reptiles (Ockleford et al, 2018). Identification of acute lethal, physiological and genotoxic effects of glyphosatebased herbicides, including Roundup Original R and Roundup Transorb R , have continued on amphibians (Lajmanovich et al, 2011(Lajmanovich et al, , 2013(Lajmanovich et al, , 2014Yadav et al, 2013;Bellantuono et al, 2014;Levis and Johnson, 2015;Gandhi and Cecala, 2016;Rissoli et al, 2016;Soloneski et al, 2016) and reptiles (Latorre et al, 2013;Siroski et al, 2016). Teratogenic effects were reported in a treefrog (Scinax nasicus) (Lajmanovich et al, 2003) and in the embryo of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) (Paganelli et al, 2010) in response to exposure to Glyfos R or Roundup Classic R at levels corresponding to 3-7.5 and 96-160 mg/l glyphosate concentrations, respectively.…”

Common toad Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) and its importance in assessing environmental health: test of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes

“…However, the mechanisms underlying ENA formation have not been fully explained yet (Çavaş and Ergene-Gözükara 2003;da Silva Souza and Fontanetti 2006). Several authors have considered using nuclear abnormalities as indicators of genotoxic damage (Ayylon and Garcia-Vazquez 2000;Bombail et al 2001;Çavaş and Ergene-Gözükara 2003;da Silva Souza and Fontanetti 2006;Prieto García et al 2007), while others consider them to be results of (2006) and Lajmanovich et al (2014) indicated that ENA are directly associated with genomic instability and represent a way to remove any amplified genetic material in the cell. Some authors attribute development of nuclear buds to DNA amplification or polyploidization; the abnormality removes excess DNA with a subsequent MN formation (Fenech and Crott 2002;Prieto García et al 2007).…”

“…Some authors attribute development of nuclear buds to DNA amplification or polyploidization; the abnormality removes excess DNA with a subsequent MN formation (Fenech and Crott 2002;Prieto García et al 2007). Lajmanovich et al (2014) suggested that formation of erythrocytes with bilobed nuclei and anucleated to increase in situations of stress (e.g., diet alterations, pathology, and metabolic damage). However, the exact mechanism of formation of other abnormalities such as notched and lobed nuclei is unknown.…”

Health status of tadpoles and metamorphs of Rhinella arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae) that inhabit agroecosystems and its implications for land use

“…We select the native specie R. arenarum (Hensel, 1867), because provides a suitable and useful experimental model for biomonitoring aquatic ecosystems (Vera Candioti et al, 2010). Sensitivity of R. arenarum was proven in several studies (Howe et al, 1998;Venturino et al, 2003;Bosch et al, 2011;Lajmanovich et al, 2014). This anuran species has a wide Neotropical distribution (is present in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay and very likely in Paraguay) (Frost, 2014).…”