Induction of mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells by folic acid coated tin oxide nanoparticles

Abstract

Purpose This study aims to prepare folic acid coated tin oxide nanoparticles (FA-SnO2 NPs) for specifically targeting human ovarian cancer cells with minimum side effects against normal cells. Methods The prepared FA-SnO2 NPs were characterized by FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and TEM. The inhibition effects of FA-SnO2 NPs against SKOV3 cancer cell were tested by MTT and LDH assay. Apoptosis induction in FA-SnO2 NPs treated SKOV3 cells were investigated using Annexin V/PI, AO/EB and Comet assays and the possible mechanisms of the cytotoxic action were studied by Flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, Immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting analyses. The effects of FA-SnO2 NPs on reactive oxygen species generation in SKOV3 cells were also examined. Additionally, the safety of utilization FA-SnO2 NPs were studied in vivo using Wister rats. Results The obtained FA-SnO2 NPs displayed amorphous spherical morphology with an average diameter of 157 nm and a zeta potential value of -24 mV. Comparing to uncoated SnO2 NPs, FA-SnO2 NPs had a superior inhibition effect towards SKOV3 cell growth that was suggested to be mediated through higher reactive oxygen species generation. It was showed that FA-SnO2 NPs increased significantly the % of apoptotic cells in the sub- G1 and G2/M phases with a higher intensity comet nucleus in SKOV3 treated cells. Furthermore, FA-SnO2 NPs was significantly increased the expression levels of P53, Bax, and cleaved Caspase-3 and accompanied with a significant decrease of Bcl-2 in the treated SKOV3 cells. Conclusion Overall, the results suggested that an increase in cellular FA-SnO2 NPs internalization resulted in a significant induced cytotoxicity in SKOV3 cancer cells in dose-dependent mode through ROS-mediated cell apoptosis that may have occurred through mitochondrial pathway. Additionally, the results confirmed the safety of utilization FA-SnO2 NPs against living systems. So, FA-SnO2 NPs with a specific targeting moiety may be a promising therapeutic candidate for human ovarian cancer.

The double‐edged sword of the amoxicillin antibiotic against prostate cancer in nano palladium form and its electrochemical detection of dopamine

“…The cytotoxic effect of Pd (II) complex on PC3 cells was assessed using the MTT test. [ 29 ] In brief, the tested cells were planted onto 96‐well plates individually and incubated for 24 h in a 100‐μL culture medium. The plates were then incubated for 48 h. with varied doses of Pd (II) complex (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) in each well.…”

“…The amounts of intracellular produced ROS were evaluated using the 2,7‐dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH‐DA) assay to detect the potential mechanism of Pd (II) complex toxicity in human PC3 cancer cells. [ 29 ] On a nutshell, PC3 cancer cells were grown for 24 h in 12‐well plates. After that, the cells were exposed to Pd (II) complex at an IC50 value for 24 h. Finally, the cells were re‐suspended in PBS with a DCFH‐DA after being separated with Trypsin EDTA, washed with PBS (10 Mm).…”

Stevia rebaudiana Methanolic Leaf Extract in Egypt: Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Antilipid Peroxidation, Antihemolytic, Antimetastatic, and Anticancer Properties

“…(2) MTT-Based Cytotoxicity Assay. Te toxicity of the tested SRHME toward SKOV3 cancer cells was assessed using the MTT assay, as described earlier [28,29]. In a nutshell, the SKOV3 cells were exposed to various doses of the extract (12.5-100 µg/ml) over a period of 24 h at 37 °C.…”

Inorganic Nanomaterials Used in Anti-Cancer Therapies:Further Developments

“…Oxide nanoparticles, mainly Bi 2 O 3 , ZnO, TiO 2 , CuO, CeO 2 , HfO 2 , and Gd 2 O 3 , are an alternative to the use of metal nanoparticles [ 2 , 158 , 159 ]. Metal oxides exhibit different properties compared to MeNPs and are often less reactive and less toxic to living cells, and because of their increased active surface area, they can act as carriers of active substances ( Table 2 ).…”

“…Disorders in genetic material are caused by mutations of single genes or chromosomes. Tumours can also form in a healthy body as a result of uncontrolled proliferation of cells [ 2 ]. A tumour that develops in this way increases in size and then reaches and penetrates the walls of blood vessels.…”