Induction of Mortality and Malformation in Scinax nasicus Tadpoles Exposed to Glyphosate Formulations

Re-registration Challenges of Glyphosate in the European Union

“…Although reviews of genotoxicity studies deemed DNA damage by glyphosate and glyphosate-based formulations secondary to cytotoxic effects (Kier and Kirkland, 2013;Kier, 2015), DNA-damaging effects and genotoxicity of glyphosate and particularly of its formulations (Roundup R , Glyfos R , Glyphogan R , Glyphosate-Biocarb R , etc.) on vertebrates (murine and human cells) (Bolognesi et al, 1997;Koller et al, 2012;Young et al, 2015;Townsend et al, 2017), cytotoxic effects of glyphosate-based herbicides on human embryonic and placental cells (Benachour et al, 2007;Benachour and Séralini, 2009;Gasnier et al, 2009Gasnier et al, , 2010Mesnage et al, 2013a,b), indication of endocrine disrupting effects by showing activity on estrogen receptors in human hormone-dependent breast cancer cells (Thongprakaisang et al, 2013;Mesnage et al, 2017a), inhibition of the biosynthesis of testosterone and estradiol (Romano et al, 2010) and progesterone (Young et al, 2015) or inhibitory effects on aromatase, a key enzyme in steroid hormone biosynthesis (Cassault-Meyer et al, 2014;Defarge et al, 2016), teratogenic effects on vertebrates by inhibiting the retinoic acid signaling pathway (Lajmanovich et al, 2003;Paganelli et al, 2010;Carrasco, 2013), birth defects in rats , and nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of Roundup R have been demonstrated in rats in connection to RR GM maize (originally published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology in September 2012, but retracted by the journal in November 2013 following an alleged intervention from the industry stakeholder (Foucart, 2016), and subsequently republished in another journal a year later) . The analysis of kidney and liver tissues from the same rats by molecular profiling (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) confirmed pathology of these organs in the lowest dose Roundup R treatment group culminating in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Mesnage et al, 2015a(Mesnage et al, ,b, 2017a.…”

“…Identification of acute lethal, physiological and genotoxic effects of glyphosatebased herbicides, including Roundup Original R and Roundup Transorb R , have continued on amphibians (Lajmanovich et al, 2011(Lajmanovich et al, , 2013(Lajmanovich et al, , 2014Yadav et al, 2013;Bellantuono et al, 2014;Levis and Johnson, 2015;Gandhi and Cecala, 2016;Rissoli et al, 2016;Soloneski et al, 2016) and reptiles (Latorre et al, 2013;Siroski et al, 2016). Teratogenic effects were reported in a treefrog (Scinax nasicus) (Lajmanovich et al, 2003) and in the embryo of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) (Paganelli et al, 2010) in response to exposure to Glyfos R or Roundup Classic R at levels corresponding to 3-7.5 and 96-160 mg/l glyphosate concentrations, respectively. Hepatotoxicity of glyphosate and Roundup Ultramax R was observed in tadpoles of the neotropical frog Leptodactylus latrans (Bach et al, 2018), but the formulated herbicide product was found 10-fold more toxic than glyphosate, leading to histopathologic lesions at a level corresponding to a glyphosate concentration of 0.37 mg/l.…”

Amphibians as indicators of changes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems following GM crop cultivation: a monitoring guideline

“…Cooke 1981, Lajmanovich et al 2003. Some pesticides are also endocrine disruptors that potentially target the thyroid axis (Howe et al 2004), leading to an imbalance in the sex ratio of the population (Hayes et al 2006).…”

“…Increases in these rates are common responses to herbicides (e.g. Cooke 1981, Lajmanovich et al 2003, Paganelli et al 2010. Herbicides can directly but also indirectly cause deformities by an enhanced susceptibility to trematode infection (Kiesecker 2002, Rohr et al 2008).…”

Ecotoxicidade comparativa dos herbicidas da cana-de-acúcar para larvas de anfíbios

“…Por exemplo, glifosato é o herbicida mais usado no mundo, em termos de volume (20%; ARMAS et al, 2005), mas poucos são os estudos que avaliam a toxicidade aguda do ingrediente ativo glifosato (BIDWELL & GORRIE, 1995;MANN & BIDWELL, 1999;LAJMANOVICH et al, 2003;HOWE et al, 2004;BERNAL et al, 2009 Além da escassez de trabalhos que avaliem a toxicidade aguda dos ingredientes ativos investigados nesta dissertação a anfíbios, diversos fatores influenciam de forma significativa a toxicidade de compostos e sua comparação, como o tempo de exposição, o regime de renovação das soluções-teste, a forma de manipulação do composto -se ingredientes ativo ou se formulação, e o estágio de desenvolvimento inicial dos indivíduos, entre outros. Por todos estes motivos, esta revisão evidencia, mais uma vez, a importância da utilização de experimentos ecotoxicológicos padronizados de exposição aguda como ferramenta para a avaliação da variação interespecífica da sensibilidade e do nível de ecotoxicidade de xenobióticos à organismos.…”