Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Evidence of Protective Role

Saxena, Shailendra K.; Mathur, Asha; Srivastava, R.C.

doi:10.1006/abbi.2001.2360

Cited by 49 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A secondary antibody, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG), was purchased from Seemed Laboratory Inc. (San Francisco, Calif.). Radioactive compound [␣- 32 P]dCTP and a GIGAprime Random Labeling kit were purchased from GeneWorks (Adelaide, Australia).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Induction of Antiviral Effects against West Nile Virus in Primary Mouse Macrophages Derived from Flavivirus-Susceptible and Congenic Resistant Mice by Alpha/Beta Interferon and Poly(I-C)

Pantelic

Sivakumaran²,

Urosevic³

2005

J Virol

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Together with hepatitis C virus and Pestivirus genera, flaviviruses belong to the Flaviviridae family of positive singlestranded RNA viruses. The genus Flavivirus consists of a number of medically important viruses such as yellow fever, West Nile (WN), Japanese encephalitis (JE), Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), and dengue (DEN) viruses (25). While yellow and dengue fevers may deteriorate into life-threatening conditions, an acute, apparent infection with encephalitogenic flaviviruses rapidly progresses to lethal flavivirus-induced encephalitis in almost one-quarter of infected patients (21). The recent emergence of the flavivirus WN virus in New York State and its rapid spread to surrounding states in North America is an alarming event (29), in addition to the long-standing risk imposed by JE and DEN viruses in other parts of world. There are almost 20 serologically unrelated flaviviruses implicated in human diseases for which there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment available. The majority of these viruses are arthropod borne with an amplifying vertebrate host serving as a natural reservoir and a mosquito or tick vector needed for further dissemination of the virus in nature. Although humans often represent an accidental dead-end host for the virus (21), the incidence of flavivirus-mediated diseases in human populations may expand to either seasonal outbreaks or even localized epidemics causing a major concern to public health. In the absence of an adequate vaccination program, the host natural resistance to flaviviruses as well as development of appropriate antiviral therapies gain importance as alternative approaches for the prevention of diseases caused by flaviviruses (3, 44).Involvement of genetic factors in the resistance to flavivirus infection is difficult to estimate in humans. In contrast, mice carry a genetic trait conferring resistance to flaviviruses that is widely distributed among wild mice populations and rare among laboratory mouse strains (34). Only a few strains of laboratory mice have preserved this trait; among these are PRI, CAST/Ei, CASA/Rk, and MOLD/Rk (34). Some of these strains have been used for backcross breeding to flavivirussusceptible C3H/He mice, resulting in the development of new congenic flavivirus-resistant mouse strains: C3H.PRI-Flv r mice, which carry the resistance allele from outbred PRI mice (12); C3H.M. domesticus-Flv r -like mice, which are derived from flavivirus-resistant wild Mus musculus domesticus; and C3H.MOLDFlv mr mice, which carry the resistance allele from MOLD/Rk mice (38,45).Flavivirus resistance in mice is controlled by a single locus, flavivirus resistance (Flv), on mouse chromosome 5 (31, 44). Although we have defined a narrow region on mouse chromosome 5 that carries the Flv locus by low-and high-resolution genetic and physical mapping, those studies have not clearly identified the critical boundaries of the Flv segment within a larger genomic region of ϳ31 centimorgans that is polymorphic between susceptible C3H/He and resistant C3H.PRI-Flv r mice ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Induction of Antiviral Effects against West Nile Virus in Primary Mouse Macrophages Derived from Flavivirus-Susceptible and Congenic Resistant Mice by Alpha/Beta Interferon and Poly(I-C)

Pantelic

Sivakumaran²,

Urosevic³

2005

J Virol

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“…35 The protective role of inducible nitric oxide synthase during JEV infection has been suggested on the basis of results from a mouse model. 99 Peripheral organs, which include the lung, liver, spleen, heart, and kidney, are possible sites for viral replication after peripheral inoculation. 47 However, little is known about the pathological changes in these extraneural tissues during infection with JEV.…”

Section: Mouse Models Of Jev Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavivirus Encephalitis

et al. 2010

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Encephalitic flaviviruses are important arthropod-borne pathogens of humans and other animals. In particular, the recent emergence of the West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in new geographic areas has caused a considerable public health alert and international concern. Among the experimental in vivo models of WNV and JEV infection, mice and other laboratory rodents are the most thoroughly studied and well-characterized systems, having provided data that are important for understanding the infectious process in humans. Macaca monkeys have also been used as a model for WNV and JEV infection, mainly for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy, although a limited number of published studies have addressed pathomorphology. These animal models demonstrate the development of encephalitis with many similarities to the human disease; however, the histological events that occur during infection, especially in peripheral tissues, have not been fully characterized.

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“…Depending on the concentration (and disease situation), NO acts as an antiinflammatory or pro-inflammatory factor. Because NO inhibits RNA virus replication, NO is known as an antiviral molecule; thus, high iNOS levels with NO production could be a target for the treatment of JEV (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%