Induction of Phenolic Glycosides by Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Leaves in Relation to Extrafloral Nectaries and Epidermal Leaf Mining

Young, Brian; Wagner, Diane; Doak, Patricia; Clausen, Thomas P.

doi:10.1007/s10886-010-9763-9

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…First, reduced photosynthesis due to leaf mining, combined with the cost of mounting an induced defense in response to herbivore damage, might compete for nutrients with leaf expansion (Dale 1988). Several defensive compounds are inducible by foliar damage in aspen, including phenolic glycosides (Clausen et al 1991;Young et al 2010), tannins (Stevens and Lindroth 2005), and trypsin-inhibiting compounds (Haruta et al 2001). Second, reduction in leaf size may be a direct consequence of induced defense.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term impact of a leaf miner outbreak on the performance of quaking aspen

Wagner

Doak

2013

Can. J. For. Res.

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The aspen leaf miner, Phyllocnistis populiella Cham., has caused widespread and severe damage to aspen in the boreal forests of western North America for over a decade. We suppressed P. populiella on individual small aspen ramets using insecticide at two sites near Fairbanks, Alaska, annually for 7 years and compared plant performance with controls. Insecticide treatment successfully reduced leaf damage by P. populiella during most years and had little effect on herbivory by externally feeding invertebrates. By the end of the study, control ramets had suffered a reduction in height and girth relative to treated ramets and to the original, pretreatment size. Control ramets produced smaller leaves during some years and, after 7 years, produced fewer total shoots and leaves than ramets sprayed with insecticide. Treatment did not affect mortality, but at the warmer of the two sites, ramets sustaining ambient levels of leaf mining were significantly more likely to die back to basal sprouts than those treated with insecticide. We conclude that a decade of P. populiella outbreak has caused strongly negative effects on aspen development and the production of aboveground tissues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term impact of a leaf miner outbreak on the performance of quaking aspen

Wagner

Doak

2013

Can. J. For. Res.

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“…The aspen blotch miner Phyllonorycter salicifoliella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) avoids exposure to high levels of salicinoids by selectively feeding on poplar species with low levels of salicinoids such as Populus tremuloides (Auerbach & Alberts, ). Recent studies show that the extent of damage by aspen blotch miners is indeed negatively correlated to the total salicinoid concentration of P. tremuloides leaves (Young et al , 2010 a , b ). Leaf‐mining Scaptomyza flava (Diptera, Drosophilidae) larvae exhibit significantly reduced growth rates on glucosinolate‐containing wild‐type A. thaliana relative to larvae reared on plants with low levels of glucosinolates (Whiteman et al , ).…”

Section: From Feeding To Digestion: Targets For Insect Herbivore Adapmentioning

confidence: 99%

How insects overcome two‐component plant chemical defence: plant β‐glucosidases as the main target for herbivore adaptation

et al. 2013

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Insect herbivory is often restricted by glucosylated plant chemical defence compounds that are activated by plant β-glucosidases to release toxic aglucones upon plant tissue damage. Such two-component plant defences are widespread in the plant kingdom and examples of these classes of compounds are alkaloid, benzoxazinoid, cyanogenic and iridoid glucosides as well as glucosinolates and salicinoids. Conversely, many insects have evolved a diversity of counteradaptations to overcome this type of constitutive chemical defence. Here we discuss that such counter-adaptations occur at different time points, before and during feeding as well as during digestion, and at several levels such as the insects’ feeding behaviour, physiology and metabolism. Insect adaptations frequently circumvent or counteract the activity of the plant β-glucosidases, bioactivating enzymes that are a key element in the plant’s two-component chemical defence. These adaptations include host plant choice, non-disruptive feeding guilds and various physiological adaptations as well as metabolic enzymatic strategies of the insect’s digestive system. Furthermore, insect adaptations often act in combination, may exist in both generalists and specialists, and can act on different classes of defence compounds. We discuss how generalist and specialist insects appear to differ in their ability to use these different types of adaptations: in generalists, adaptations are often inducible, whereas in specialists they are often constitutive. Future studies are suggested to investigate in detail how insect adaptations act in combination to overcome plant chemical defences and to allow ecologically relevant conclusions.

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“…Several studies have shown that phenolics can be induced by herbivores (e.g., Boege 2004, Stevens and Lindroth 2005, Kaplan et al 2008, Pascual-Alvarado et al 2008). In the future it would be useful to determine whether phenolics are induced in V. vitis-idaea by performing an insect removal experiment such as the one Young et al (2010) did with aspen and leaf miners.…”

Section: Secondary Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogens, herbivores, and phenotypic plasticity of boreal Vaccinium vitis‐idaea experiencing climate change

Roy

Mulder

2014

Ecosphere

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Abstract. Climate warming is occurring at a rapid rate in the boreal forest; mean winter temperature has increased about 48C in Alaska over the last 40 years and about the same increase is predicted over the next 40 years. Warming temperatures tend to increase the number and kinds of herbivores and pathogens. How will boreal plants to respond to these abiotic and biotic changes? To address these questions we used common gardens and reciprocal transplants of Vaccinium vitis-idaea at sites with contrasting abiotic conditions near Fairbanks, Alaska. Plant morphology, chemistry, resistance to pathogens and herbivores, and survival were all strongly influenced by the destination environment (planting site and block within site), and less by the site of origin for the seed. Overall, seedlings survived significantly better at the summer cold site, which was buffered from drought as a result of its northern aspect, presence of sphagnum moss and permafrost (86.4% survival versus 48.5%). However, this cool damp site had more stem-killing consumers, the pathogens Phomopsis columnaris and Exobasidium vaccinii and mammalian browse, all of which became more common over the three years of the study as the plants became larger. Taken together, these results suggest that the seedling stage is likely to be vulnerable to droughts, except at sites with thick moss cover, which results in greater duration of summer moisture. Thus, as the climate warms, seedling growth will be restricted to those sites where the adult stages will later suffer from more stem-killing pathogen attack and mammalian browse.

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Induction of Phenolic Glycosides by Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Leaves in Relation to Extrafloral Nectaries and Epidermal Leaf Mining

Cited by 20 publications

References 47 publications

Long-term impact of a leaf miner outbreak on the performance of quaking aspen

Long-term impact of a leaf miner outbreak on the performance of quaking aspen

How insects overcome two‐component plant chemical defence: plant β‐glucosidases as the main target for herbivore adaptation

Pathogens, herbivores, and phenotypic plasticity of boreal Vaccinium vitis‐idaea experiencing climate change

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