Induction of Phytoalexin Formation in Suspension-cultured Rice Cells by<i>N</i>-Acetyl-chitooligosaccharides

Yamada, Akira; Shibuya, Naoto; Kodama, Osamu; Akatsuka, Tadami

doi:10.1271/bbb.57.405

Cited by 260 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…lignification in wheat leaves (Barber et al, 1989), chitinase activity in melon (Roby et al, 1987), and β-1,3 glucanase gene expression in cultured barley cells (Kaku et al, 1997). In cultured rice cells, chitin oligosaccharides induced phytoalexin synthesis (Ren and West, 1992;Yamada et al, 1993), generation of reactive oxygen species (Kuchitsu et al, 1995), biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (Nojiri et al, 1996), and expression of defence related genes (Minami et al, 1996;Nishizawa et al, 1999;Takai et al, 2001). A possible explanation for the high levels of protection observed in our study may therefore be that (Lamb et al, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Enhanced fungal resistance in transgenic cotton expressing an endochitinase gene from Trichoderma virens

Emani

García

Lopata-Finch

et al. 2003

Plant Biotechnology Journal

136

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SummaryMycoparasitic fungi are proving to be rich sources of antifungal genes that can be utilized to genetically engineer important crops for resistance against fungal pathogens. Homozygous T 2 plants of the high endochitinase-expressing cotton lines were tested for disease resistance against a soil-borne pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani and a foliar pathogen, Alternaria alternata . Transgenic cotton plants showed significant resistance to both pathogens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Enhanced fungal resistance in transgenic cotton expressing an endochitinase gene from Trichoderma virens

Emani

García

Lopata-Finch

et al. 2003

Plant Biotechnology Journal

136

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“…Macroscopically visible symptoms induced in wheat leaves by polymeric chitosans with DAs of 1%, 15%, 35%, 49%, and 60%, at 1, 10, and 100 g mL Ϫ1 , 24 h after injection into the intercellular spaces of primary wheat leaves. ing in the nanomolar range (Vander, 1995), as reported for suspension-cultured cells of tomato and rice (Felix et al, 1993;Yamada et al, 1993). In contrast, the observed elicitor activity of highly deacetylated chitosan polymers and the inactivity of GlcN oligomers may be explained by a mechanism independent of specific receptors (Kauss et al, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Comparison of the Ability of Partially N-Acetylated Chitosans and Chitooligosaccharides to Elicit Resistance Reactions in Wheat Leaves

et al. 1998

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Chitin, a linear polysaccharide composed of (134)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-␤-D-glucopyranose (GlcNAc) residues, and chitosan, the fully or partially N-acetylated, water-soluble derivative of chitin composed of (134)-linked GlcNAc and 2-amino-2-deoxy-␤-D-glucopyranose (GlcN), have been proposed as elicitors of defense reactions in higher plants. We tested and compared the ability of purified (134)-linked oligomers of GlcNAc (tetramer to decamer) and of GlcN (pentamer and heptamer) and partially N-acetylated chitosans with degrees of acetylation (DA) of 1%, 15%, 35%, 49%, and 60% and average degrees of polymerization between 540 and 1100 to elicit phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) activities, lignin deposition, and microscopically and macroscopically visible necroses when injected into the intercellular spaces of healthy, nonwounded wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. Purified oligomers of (134)-linked GlcN were not active as elicitors, whereas purified oligomers of (134)-linked GlcNAc with a degree of polymerization > 7 strongly elicited POD activities but not PAL activities. Partially N-acetylated, polymeric chitosans elicited both PAL and POD activities, and maximum elicitation was observed with chitosans of intermediate DAs. All chitosans but not the chitin oligomers induced the deposition of lignin, the appearance of necrotic cells exhibiting yellow autofluorescence under ultraviolet light, and macroscopically visible necroses; those with intermediate DAs were most active. These results suggest that different mechanisms are involved in the elicitation of POD activities by GlcNAc oligomers, and of PAL and POD activities by partially N-acetylated chitosan polymers and that both enzymes have to be activated for lignin biosynthesis and ensuing necrosis to occur.

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“…Given this model, optimal dimerization can be induced by sugars larger than (GlcNAc) 7 , which contain an optimal number of internal GlcNAc moieties for cross-linking. However, elicitor activities were previously observed for both hexa-and heptamers (34,35). Likely, the sandwich-like dimeric structure in Fig.…”

Section: Docking Model Of Chitin Oligosaccharide With Lysm1 Domain Ofmentioning

confidence: 91%

Chitin-induced activation of immune signaling by the rice receptor CEBiP relies on a unique sandwich-type dimerization

Hayafune

Berisio

Marchetti

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggers various defense responses in plants. This MAMP-triggered immunity plays a major role in the plant resistance against various pathogens. To clarify the molecular basis of the specific recognition of chitin oligosaccharides by the rice PRR, CEBiP (chitin-elicitor binding protein), as well as the formation and activation of the receptor complex, biochemical, NMR spectroscopic, and computational studies were performed. Deletion and domain-swapping experiments showed that the central lysine motif in the ectodomain of CEBiP is essential for the binding of chitin oligosaccharides. Epitope mapping by NMR spectroscopy indicated the preferential binding of longer-chain chitin oligosaccharides, such as heptamer-octamer, to CEBiP, and also the importance of N-acetyl groups for the binding. Molecular modeling/docking studies clarified the molecular interaction between CEBiP and chitin oligosaccharides and indicated the importance of Ile 122 in the central lysine motif region for ligand binding, a notion supported by site-directed mutagenesis. Based on these results, it was indicated that two CEBiP molecules simultaneously bind to one chitin oligosaccharide from the opposite side, resulting in the dimerization of CEBiP. The model was further supported by the observations that the addition of (GlcNAc) 8 induced dimerization of the ectodomain of CEBiP in vitro, and the dimerization and (GlcNAc) 8 -induced reactive oxygen generation were also inhibited by a unique oligosaccharide, (GlcNβ1,4GlcNAc) 4 , which is supposed to have N-acetyl groups only on one side of the molecule. Based on these observations, we proposed a hypothetical model for the ligand-induced activation of a receptor complex, involving both CEBiP and Oryza sativa chitinelicitor receptor kinase-1.plant immunity | MTI/PTI | chitin signaling | receptor-ligand interaction |

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Induction of Phytoalexin Formation in Suspension-cultured Rice Cells byN-Acetyl-chitooligosaccharides

Cited by 260 publications

References 8 publications

Enhanced fungal resistance in transgenic cotton expressing an endochitinase gene from Trichoderma virens

Enhanced fungal resistance in transgenic cotton expressing an endochitinase gene from Trichoderma virens

Comparison of the Ability of Partially N-Acetylated Chitosans and Chitooligosaccharides to Elicit Resistance Reactions in Wheat Leaves

Chitin-induced activation of immune signaling by the rice receptor CEBiP relies on a unique sandwich-type dimerization

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