Induction of Triploidy in the South African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis (Daudin)

Smith, Sheila

doi:10.1038/181290a0

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Multiploid cells have been shown to suffer from chromosomal instability and degenerate. However, triploid individuals that result from transplantation of two male nuclei are stable and develop to adulthood (Smith, 1958; Kawahara, 1978; Tompkins, 1978; Tompkins and Reinschmidt, 1991; Noramly et al, 2005). It is not known if these animals are fertile (?)…”

Section: Two Decades Of Transgenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This usually leads to the formation of bigger cells and can be directly quantified by FACS analyses (Flajnik et al, 1984). Alternatively, counting the proportion of nucleoli in cells will give a good estimation of the ploidy status of the individuals, as deviation from the expected frequencies is indicative of chromosome number mosaics (Smith, 1958; Muller et al, 1978). A simple karyotype will provide a lot of information, but the use of FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) analyses on chromosomes from transgenic individuals would be greatly beneficial.…”

Section: Specific Features Of Transgenic Animals Generated By the Remmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transgenesis procedures in Xenopus

Chesneau

Sachs

Chai

et al. 2008

Biology of the Cell

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Stable integration of foreign DNA into the frog genome has been the purpose of several studies aimed at generating transgenic animals or producing mutations of endogenous genes. Inserting DNA into a host genome can be achieved in a number of ways. In Xenopus, different strategies have been developed which exhibit specific molecular and technical features. Although several of these technologies were also applied in various model organizms, the attributes of each method have rarely been experimentally compared. Investigators are thus confronted with a difficult choice to discriminate which method would be best suited for their applications. To gain better understanding, a transgenesis workshop was organized by the X-omics consortium. Three procedures were assessed side-by-side, and the results obtained are used to illustrate this review. In addition, a number of reagents and tools have been set up for the purpose of gene expression and functional gene analyses. This not only improves the status of Xenopus as a powerful model for developmental studies, but also renders it suitable for sophisticated genetic approaches. Twenty years after the first reported transgenic Xenopus, we review the state of the art of transgenic research, focusing on the new perspectives in performing genetic studies in this species.

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Section: Two Decades Of Transgenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Specific Features Of Transgenic Animals Generated By the Remmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenesis procedures in Xenopus

Chesneau

Sachs

Chai

et al. 2008

Biology of the Cell

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“…Under laboratory breeding conditions, it is not rare to find triploid Xenopus among the offspring. They arise most probably through retention of the second polar body in the egg, since the second meiotic division after fertilization is easily disturbed by temperature shock (SMITH, 1958;KAWAHARA, 1978), pressure (MuLLER et al, 1978;ToMPKINS, 1978) or by mechanical deformation of eggs. Polyspermy and mis-divisions in early embryonic development are other occasions which result in autopolyploid individuals.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Polyploidizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN XENOPUS (ANURA PIPIDAE)

Kobel

1981

Monitore Zoologico Italiano. Supplemento

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“…Triploids and tetraploids have also been obtained in Xenopus. Smith (1958) found that a 5 min. heat shock (36.1-36-5" C.) within 10 min.…”

Section: ( D ) Sources Of the Yolk Protein Of The Oocytementioning

confidence: 99%

Xenopus Laevis and Developmental Biology

Deuchar

1972

Biological Reviews

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Summary 1. Because of the present popularity of Xenopus laevis for research in developmental biology, a review of the literature on this animal has been undertaken which emphasizes the anatomical, physiological and developmental features in which it differs from other anuran Amphibia. The need for caution in generalizing from observations on Xenopus to other vertebrates is stressed. 2. Earlier literature and the use of Xenopus for pregnancy testing have been surveyed briefly. Some of the peculiarities of this genus are: the prevalence of pulmonary rather than cutaneous or branchial respiration in the larva, with concomitant modifications of the vascular system; the larval filter‐feeding mechanism; the unusual development of the forelimbs, outside the gill chamber; and a number of features of musculature and skeleton in the adult which may be regarded either as primitive or as neotenous, or as specializations for aquatic life. Urodele‐like features of the morphology of the pituitary and pineal glands are also mentioned. 3. Recent work on the germ cells and their origin in Xenopus is reviewed in Section III. The germ plasm has been traced from early cleavage stages into germ cells whose identity and genetic characteristics may be traced by reciprocal transplants between anucleolate and normal Xenopus. This plasm is thought to contain redundant copies of DNA from the maternal oocyte, which may thus get passed on to the next generation. During oogenesis, yolk proteins originate from maternal liver protein, and both yolk platelets and pigment granules appear to form in association with mitochondria. The yolk platelets evidently contain both DNA and RNA, and the mitochondria also contain both DNA, of a circular form, and ribosomal RNA. In the oocyte nucleus, special interest has been focused recently on the extrachromo‐somal DNA which arises from the nucleolar organizer regions of chromosomes. This DNA later forms the cores of the nucleoli. A number of synthetic processes can take place in the oocyte cytoplasm in the absence of the nucleus, and in the presence of foreign messenger‐RNA. Ribosomal RNA synthesis shows at first an excess of 5 s over 18 s and 28 s forms. 4. Spermatogenesis has been studied little in Xenopus. Two unusual features are the absence of seminal vesicles for sperm storage and the spiral shape of the sperm head. By techniques involving destruction of the female pronucleus with ultraviolet light, or suppression of polar‐body formation, androgenetic haploids, as well as triploids and tetraploids, have been produced in this species. Paternal genes begin to act at the onset of gastrulation, when nucleoli appear and major rRNA synthesis begins. This situation is sometimes presumed to typify events in all Amphibia ‐perhaps all vertebrates ‐ but the assumption is unjustified, since in mammals there is much variation in the time of onset of rRNA synthesis, from the evidence so far available. 5. During cleavage in Xenopus, which appears to follow the same pattern as in other Amphibia, septate junctions may ...

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Induction of Triploidy in the South African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis (Daudin)

Abstract: The rate of increase in the area shown on the graph, representing fissipede evolution, changes in the Vindobonian, and the values obtained when represented as co-ordinates plotted against •t.ime provide a graphic expression of this phenomenon (Fig. 2).

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

Transgenesis procedures in Xenopus

Transgenesis procedures in Xenopus

EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN XENOPUS (ANURA PIPIDAE)

Xenopus Laevis and Developmental Biology

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