Inductively Powered Underground Wireless Communication System

Gungi, Achyuta; Vippalapalli, Vikas; Menon, Krishnakumar N.; Hariharan, Balaji

doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2728-1_19

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Additionally, a SWIPT design for the underground communication is covered in [103], considering the power consumption and battery charging requirements for the network architecture. The method assigns unique priorities to the sensor nodes as per the remaining battery life and thereby slightly changing the definition of throughput of sensor networks.…”

Section: 5mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an alternative, a fixed power supply placed above the surface of ground and connected with other sensing devices, e.g., via cable, is employed. The complete network is then wirelessly charged with the help of this charged node [59,103]. The improvement of the corresponding charging procedure is explained in [109], where energy losses are minimized due to a virtual magnetic MIMO-based relay network associated with the optimized transmission protocol.…”

Section: 5mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Magnetic Induction Technology-Based Wireless Sensor Network for Underground Infrastructure, Monitoring Soil Conditions, and Environmental Observation Applications: Challenges and Future Aspects

Singh

et al. 2022

Journal of Sensors

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) especially with sensor nodes communicating with each other in medium other than air have been naive area of research since the last few years. In comparison to underwater communication, wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are now being used in a large number of applications ranging from environmental observation, estimating chances of earthquake, communicating in underground tunnels or mines, and infrastructure monitoring to soil monitoring for agricultural purposes. In spite of all such promising applications, due to harsh and dynamically changing soil characteristics including soil type, water content in soil, and soil temperature, underground communication with conventional electromagnetic (EM) wave-based technology could not prove to be feasible for long-distance communication. Alternatively, due to magnetic permeability of soil being similar to air, magnetic induction- (MI-) based approach was adopted using magnetic coils as antenna for sensor nodes. Subsequently, MI waveguide and 3D coil mechanisms were considered to improve the system efficiency. Attributing to different characteristics of underlying transmission channels, communication protocols as well as architecture of MI-based WUSNS (MI-WUSNs) have been developed with different approaches. In this review paper, in addition to the latest advancements made for MI-WUSNs, closely associated areas of MI-WUSNs have also been explored. Additionally, research areas which are still open to be worked upon have been detailed out.

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Section: 5mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 5mentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Induction Technology-Based Wireless Sensor Network for Underground Infrastructure, Monitoring Soil Conditions, and Environmental Observation Applications: Challenges and Future Aspects

Singh

et al. 2022

Journal of Sensors

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“…Based on the above channel model, different modulation schemes, such as BPSK, QPSK, and QAM were proposed in [103] for MI-based underground communications. Consequently, a square wave with pulse width modulation was used in [104] to provide inductive power transfer and average data rate communication for MI-based IoUT. The expression for the magnetic field generated by a coil at distance d was given in [104] as…”

Section: A Channel Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, a square wave with pulse width modulation was used in [104] to provide inductive power transfer and average data rate communication for MI-based IoUT. The expression for the magnetic field generated by a coil at distance d was given in [104] as…”

Section: A Channel Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward the Internet of Underground Things: A Systematic Survey

Saeed

Alouini

Al-Naffouri

2019

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

101

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This paper provides recent advances in the area of Internet of Underground Things (IoUT) with emphasis on enabling communication technologies, networking issues, and localization techniques. IoUT is enabled by underground things (sensors), communication technology, and networking protocols. This new paradigm of IoUT facilitates the integration of sensing and communication in the underground environment for various industries, such as oil and gas, agriculture, seismic mapping, and border monitoring. These applications require to gather relevant information from the deployed underground things. However, the harsh underground propagation environment including sand, rock, and watersheds do not allow the use of single communication technology for information transfer between the surface and the underground things. Therefore, various wireless and wired communication technologies are used for underground communication. The wireless technologies are based on acoustic waves, electromagnetic waves, magnetic induction and visible light communication while the wired technologies use coaxial cable and optical fibers. In this paper, state-of-art communication technologies are surveyed, and the respective networking and localization techniques for IoUT are presented. Moreover, the advances and applications of IoUT are also reported. Also, new research challenges for the design and implementation of IoUT are identified.

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“…Using this channel model, authors in [226] proposed many modulation schemes (QAM, QPSK, BPSK) for MI-based communications, and [227] gave square wave with pulse width modulation. In [227], magnetic field for transmitting coil (Equation (16)) and EM field for receiving coil (Equation 17) is given as:…”

Section: Channel Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Subsurface Signal Propagation

Raza

Salam

2020

Smart Cities

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Wireless Underground Communication (WUC) is an emerging field that is being developed continuously. It provides secure mechanism of deploying nodes underground which shields them from any outside temperament or harsh weather conditions. This paper works towards introducing WUC and give a detail overview of WUC. It discusses system architecture of WUC along with the anatomy of the underground sensor motes deployed in WUC systems. It also compares Over-the-Air and Underground and highlights the major differences between the both type of channels. Since, UG communication is an evolving field, this paper also presents the evolution of the field along with the components and example UG wireless communication systems. Finally, the current research challenges of the system are presented for further improvement of the WUCs.

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Inductively Powered Underground Wireless Communication System

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Magnetic Induction Technology-Based Wireless Sensor Network for Underground Infrastructure, Monitoring Soil Conditions, and Environmental Observation Applications: Challenges and Future Aspects

Magnetic Induction Technology-Based Wireless Sensor Network for Underground Infrastructure, Monitoring Soil Conditions, and Environmental Observation Applications: Challenges and Future Aspects

Toward the Internet of Underground Things: A Systematic Survey

A Survey on Subsurface Signal Propagation

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