Indus Components in the Iconography of a White Marble Cylinder Seal from Konar Sandal South (Kerman, Iran)

Abstract

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Manufacturing and trade of Asian elephant ivory in Bronze Age Middle Asia. Evidence from Gonur Depe (Margiana, Turkmenistan)

“…Interestingly, the Indian bison is considered of having likely been the brand of Indus merchants formally acting in external trade (Vidale, 2005b). This evidence lends support to the existence, at the end of the third and into the first centuries of the second millennium BCE, of a specific phenomenon of 'hybridization' of local glyptics with elements of the Indus tradition, which has been observed also in other regions of Middle Asia (Laursen, 2010;Vidale and Frenez, 2015;Frenez et al, 2016, in press). Such hybridization possibly indicates the direct integration of Harappan trading families into the local societies and cultures and/or their formal delegation of part of their business to local agents (Fig.…”

“…This study of a significant collection of artifacts made from the ivory of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758) discovered at the Oxus Civilization site of Gonur Depe in southern Turkmenistan is part of wider research by the author about trade exchanges and cultural interactions between the greater Indus Valley and other regions of Middle Asia during the Bronze Age, which is based on a comprehensive review of the published archaeological and textual evidence upgraded through new detailed studies of specific groups of materials (Frenez, 2011;Frenez and Vidale, 2015;Vidale and Frenez, 2015;Frenez et al, 2016;Frenez et al, in press) (Fig. 1).…”

Vegetation history and human-environment interactions through the late Holocene in Konar Sandal, SE Iran

“…Agricultural activities in the community included growing cereals (wheat, barley), fruits (dates and grapes), and domestication of animals (bovines, goats, sheep and horses) that are well-preserved in the archaeological surveys conducted by Mashkour et al (2013). The notable discoveries of Jiroft-style steatite vessels in Sumerian cities (Steinkeller, 1982) and a seal with Indus style iconographic components found in KS (Vidale and Frenez, 2015), validates the importance of this settlement as an EBA trade center. The archaeological discoveries captivate our imagination about flourishing agricultural practices, ancient trade routes, and business links that existed between these distant cities ca.…”

Semantic scope of Indus inscriptions comprising taxation, trade and craft licensing, commodity control and access control: archaeological and script-internal evidence

“…This possibly is the reason why the elephant sometimes faces the "feeding troughs" (possibly as a tax-receiving entity), and sometimes stands free (possibly as a tax-paying entity). The use of certain rare iconographies (e.g., M-1186, or ASI#8099 at Dholavira) possibly indicates the existence of certain regional authorities/organizations As observed by Vidale (2005), most of the Indus-related seals found from the Near East have gaur/bison iconographies, indicating that the trading clans involved in IVC's westerly trades mostly used bison-based emblems. Interestingly, as shown in Supplementary Fig.…”