Industrial Applications of Flow Batteries

Mardilovich, Pavel; Harrer, Martin

doi:10.1002/9783527832767.ch48

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Flow batteries are presently considered as a viable grid-scale technology for managing the intrinsic fluctuations of renewable energy sources such as wind or solar power. [1][2][3] Vanadium-based flow batteries continue to be installed worldwide, [4,5] in spite of the relatively high cost and scarcity of vanadium minerals. [6] It is clear that flow batteries based on more abundant elements and compounds could improve the prospects of this technology in the stationary energy-storage market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of an Aqueous Flow Battery Utilizing a Hydroxylated Tetracationic Viologen and a Simple Cationic Ferrocene Derivative

Caianiello

Arenas

Turek

et al. 2023

Adv Energy and Sustain Res

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Herein, a new semi‐organic aqueous flow battery based on a hydroxylated tetracationic viologen, 1,1′‐bis(3‐((2‐hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonio)propyl)‐[4,4′‐bipyridine]‐1,1′‐diium tetrachloride ([(DMAE‐Pr)2‐Vi]Cl4), and the ferrocene derivative, (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (FcNCl), is demonstrated. Efficiency, accessible capacity, and capacity retention of the battery are investigated at two concentrations of the active redox species: 0.1 and 0.5 mol dm−3 in 1 mol dm−3 KCl near‐neutral electrolytes. The implementation of the ferrocene‐derivative posolyte decreases the capacity fade rate by a factor of ≈4 with respect to previous work using 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl (TEMPOL) as posolyte. Capacity loss is driven by crossover of the positive redox couple into the negolyte, in particular at high concentrations, indicating the need for more selective membranes and less permeable ferrocene derivatives. Discussions are supported by conductivity measurements, cell resistance, and postmortem analysis of the electrolytes using cyclic voltammetry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The characterization of [(DMAE‐Pr)2‐Vi]Cl4 is expanded as a high‐energy negolyte and future scaleup requirements for aqueous organic flow batteries are informed.

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