“…The literature on brownfield spatial distributions and formation factors has grown considerably in the past few years, for example, the city of Minneapolis in the United States (Vaidya, 2015), Brno (Kunc et al, 2014;Frantál et al, 2015), Ostrava (Novosák et al, 2013), and Karvina in the Czech Republic (Martinat et al, 2016;Škrabal et al, 2021) and Changchun in China (Song et al, 2022). The research content of spatial distributions is mainly industrial brownfields (Smoļakova, 2017;Modica, 2019), which mostly guide local soil management (Bambra et al, 2014;Boente et al, 2018), land use policies (Page and Berger, 2006), and brownfield redevelopment (Filip and Cocean, 2012;Kramářová and Juhásová Šenitková, 2018;Bardos et al, 2020). Accurately determining macro-scale brownfield spatial distributions can provide a reference for formulating differentiated and regionalized redevelopment policies according to local conditions (Newell and McGreal, 2017).…”