Industrial Process Design for the Production of Aniline by Direct Amination

Abstract

The objective is to design a plant from raw material to product for the production of aniline by direct amination of benzene. The process design is started on a conceptual level and ended on a basic engineering level as well as a techno‐economical evaluation. The amination of benzene by hydroxylamine was used as basis. For the production of hydroxylamine four routes are proposed. The most promising route is the chemical reduction of nitric oxide with hydrogen. The process evaluation shows that 27 % of the atomic nitrogen is lost. The atomic carbon efficiency is close to unity. Furthermore, a significant amount of steam can be produced. From an economical perspective, there is still room for improvement because the return of investment is quite low and the payback period is quite high.

Electrospun Nanofiber Mats with Embedded Zinc Oxysulfide for Photoreduction of Nitrobenzene to Aniline under Mild Condition

“…As can be seen, there is no significant alteration for pristine PZO, PZS, and PZOS nanofibers where the samples exhibited smooth surfaces of FTIR analysis was performed to determine the chemical functionalities contained in the composite nanofibers, and the FTIR spectra of PEO, PZO, PZS, and PZOS nanofibers are shown in Figure 2b. In the FTIR spectrum of PEO, the peaks at 3441 and 2883 cm −1 referred to the functional groups of stretching -OH and CH sp 3 , respectively. 22 The organic functionality peaks of bending CH 2 , stretching C−O−C, bending C−H, and stretching C−C were located at 1445, 1106, 958, and 849 cm −1 , respectively.…”

One‐Pot Catalytic Conversion of Lignin‐Derivable Guaiacols and Syringols to Cyclohexylamines

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Cyclohexylamine is mainly produced from nonrenewable petroleum-derived nitrobenzene and aniline, and to a lesser extent through the amination of phenol with ammonia. [6,7] The overall strong reliance of cyclohexylamine production on benzene, irrespective the route, poses potential future challenges as benzene is derived from finite fossil resources, be it crude oil or natural gas, or mainly as a byproduct from steam crackers, oil refineries, and p-xylene production, which strongly links its availability to the overall gasoline, ethylene, and p-xylene demand. Additionally, styrene and ethylbenzene production take up more than half of the total benzene production.…”

“…Cyclohexylamine and its derivatives are industrially important building blocks for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, textiles, electronics, and vulcanization accelerators [1–5] . Cyclohexylamine is mainly produced from non‐renewable petroleum‐derived nitrobenzene and aniline, and to a lesser extent through the amination of phenol with ammonia [6,7] . The overall strong reliance of cyclohexylamine production on benzene, irrespective the route, poses potential future challenges as benzene is derived from finite fossil resources, be it crude oil or natural gas, or mainly as a by‐product from steam crackers, oil refineries, and p ‐xylene production, which strongly links its availability to the overall gasoline, ethylene, and p ‐xylene demand.…”

Rapid evaluation of the substrate specificity of 3-nitrobenzoic acid dioxygenase MnbAB via colorimetric detection using Saltzman reagent

“…Nitroaromatic compounds have been widely used as important industrial materials for making diverse nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds. For example, aniline (aminobenzene) is traditionally produced by the reduction (hydrogenation) of nitrobenzene (Driessen et al., 2017 ) and is used for the synthesis of many commercial products including polyurethane (Akindoyo et al., 2016 ), rubber, dyes, and pharmaceuticals (Kahl et al., 2012 ). Nitroaromatic compounds have also been found as natural products in bacteria, fungi, and plants (Winkler & Hertweck, 2007 ).…”