Industrial Transformation and Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand and Vietnam: Pathways to Ecological, Social, and Economic Sustainability?

Lebel, Louis; Trí, Nguyễn Hoàng; Saengnoree, Amnuay; Pasong, Suparb; Buatama, Urasa; Thoa, Le Kim

doi:10.1579/0044-7447-31.4.311

Cited by 152 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In 1981-1985, the rice area and production annual growth rates of Thailand were 1.11% and 3.45%. Some areas showed the NDVI declines in the Mekong River Delta in Vietnam and the coastal line in the south of Thailand are in agreement with the fact that mangrove forest and swamp vegetation were converted to rice paddies and/or aquaculture farms in the 1990s and 2000s [107][108][109], and mangroves were overexploited as timber for construction and charcoal in the 1980s and early 1990s [110,111]. In 1940, the area of mangrove forest in Vietnam was about 400,000 ha, but this area decreased to around 250,000 and 70,000 ha in 1980 and 2002, respectively [107].…”

Section: Contextualization Of the Empirical Findingssupporting

confidence: 58%

Assessment of the Biomass Productivity Decline in the Lower Mekong Basin

Lakshmi

Bolten

2019

Remote Sensing

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This study aimed to delineate the geographic hotspots of negative trends in biomass productivity in the Lower Mekong Basin countries (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand) and identify correlated regional environmental and anthropogenic factors. A long-term time-series (1982–2015) of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index at a resolution of approximately 9.16 km × 9.16 km was used to specify the areas with significant decline or increase in productivity. The relationships between vegetation changes and land attributes, such as climate, population density, soil/terrain conditions, and land-cover types, were examined. Rainfall time-series maps were used to identify areas that might have been affected by land degradation from those correlated with rainfall. Most of the detected potentially degraded areas were found in Cambodia, the Northwest and the Highland of Vietnam, the Northern Mountains of Thailand and Laos, and the mountainous border between Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. About 15% of the total land area of these four countries experienced a reduction in biomass productivity during the 34-year study period. The map of hotspots of changes in productivity can be used to direct further studies, including those at finer spatial resolution that may support policy makers and researchers in targeting the strategies for combating land degradation.

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Section: Contextualization Of the Empirical Findingssupporting

confidence: 58%

Assessment of the Biomass Productivity Decline in the Lower Mekong Basin

Lakshmi

Bolten

2019

Remote Sensing

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“…2). Thailand was at the time, however, the nexus of trade in shrimp products, broodstock and post-larvae [2], [45], [46]. We therefore speculate that WSSV was probably introduced into Thailand on many occasions, and we could therefore reasonably expect to observe high variation in Thailand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Evolutionary Trajectory of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Genome Shrinkage during Spread in Asia

et al. 2010

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BackgroundWhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the sole member of the novel Nimaviridae family, and the source of major economic problems in shrimp aquaculture. WSSV appears to have rapidly spread worldwide after the first reported outbreak in the early 1990s. Genomic deletions of various sizes occur at two loci in the WSSV genome, the ORF14/15 and ORF23/24 variable regions, and these have been used as molecular markers to study patterns of viral spread over space and time. We describe the dynamics underlying the process of WSSV genome shrinkage using empirical data and a simple mathematical model.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe genotyped new WSSV isolates from five Asian countries, and analyzed this information together with published data. Genome size appears to stabilize over time, and deletion size in the ORF23/24 variable region was significantly related to the time of the first WSSV outbreak in a particular country. Parameter estimates derived from fitting a simple mathematical model of genome shrinkage to the data support a geometric progression (k<1) of the genomic deletions, with k = 0.371±0.150.Conclusions/SignificanceThe data suggest that the rate of genome shrinkage decreases over time before attenuating. Bioassay data provided support for a link between genome size and WSSV fitness in an aquaculture setting. Differences in genomic deletions between geographic WSSV isolates suggest that WSSV spread did not follow a smooth pattern of geographic radiation, suggesting spread of WSSV over long distances by commercial activities. We discuss two hypotheses for genome shrinkage, an adaptive and a neutral one. We argue in favor of the adaptive hypothesis, given that there is support for a link between WSSV genome size and fitness.

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“…Indeed, shrimp ponds were initially converted to small-scale cooperatives. A similar process was observed in South East Asia where shrimp aquaculture first marginalized a segment of local communities, enhancing local elites, before marginalizing these same local elites that were not able to compete with larger external players (Lebel et al 2002;Luttrell 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

How is Shrimp Aquaculture Transforming Coastal Livelihoods and Lagoons in Estero Real, Nicaragua?: The Need to Integrate Social–Ecological Research and Ecosystem-Based Approaches

Benessaiah

Sengupta

2014

Environmental Management

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Ecosystem-based approaches to aquaculture integrate environmental concerns into planning. Social-ecological systems research can improve this approach by explicitly relating ecological and social dynamics of change at multiple scales. Doing so requires not only addressing direct effects of aquaculture but also considering indirect factors such as changes in livelihood strategies, governance dynamics, and power relations. We selected the community of Puerto Morazán, Nicaragua as a case study to demonstrate how the introduction of small-scale aquaculture radically transformed another key livelihood activity, lagoon shrimp fishing, and the effects that these changes have had on lagoons and the people that depend on them. We find that shrimp aquaculture played a key role in the collapse, in the 1990s, of an existing lagoon common-property management. Shrimp aquaculture-related capital enabled the adoption of a new fishing technique that not only degraded lagoons but also led to their gradual privatization. The existence of social ties between small-scale shrimp farmers and other community members mitigated the impacts of privatization, illustrating the importance of social capital. Since 2008, community members are seeking to communally manage the lagoons once again, in response to degraded environmental conditions and a consolidation of the shrimp industry at the expense of smaller actors. This research shows that shrimp aquaculture intersects with a complex set of drivers, affecting not only how ecosystems are managed but also how they are perceived and valued. Understanding these social-ecological dynamics is essential to implement realistic policies and management of mangrove ecosystems and address the needs of resource-dependent people.

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Industrial Transformation and Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand and Vietnam: Pathways to Ecological, Social, and Economic Sustainability?

Cited by 152 publications

References 20 publications

Assessment of the Biomass Productivity Decline in the Lower Mekong Basin

Assessment of the Biomass Productivity Decline in the Lower Mekong Basin

Evolutionary Trajectory of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Genome Shrinkage during Spread in Asia

How is Shrimp Aquaculture Transforming Coastal Livelihoods and Lagoons in Estero Real, Nicaragua?: The Need to Integrate Social–Ecological Research and Ecosystem-Based Approaches

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