Industrial Transformation and Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand and Vietnam: Pathways to Ecological, Social, and Economic Sustainability?

Lebel, Louis; Trí, Nguyễn Hoàng; Saengnoree, Amnuay; Pasong, Suparb; Buatama, Urasa; Thoa, Le Kim

doi:10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0311:itasai]2.0.co;2

Cited by 62 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Following criticism, shrimp farming practices have been improved in many countries: new farms are now established outside mangrove areas, productivity has increased, and better farm management has allowed farms to continue operations over longer time periods without having to relocate due to sediment build-up (Lebel et al 2002(Lebel et al , 2010. Despite this, concerns about the conversion of mangrove forests into shrimp farms were again raised by Prof. JB Kauffman during the 2012 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Stokstad 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Including GHG emissions from mangrove forests LULUC in LCA: a case study on shrimp farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Järviö

Henriksson

Guinée

2017

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Mangrove forests have been recognized as important regulators of greenhouse gases (GHGs), yet the resulting land use and land-use change (LULUC) emissions have rarely been accounted for in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. The present study therefore presents up-to-date estimates for GHG emissions from mangrove LULUC and applies them to a case study of shrimp farming in Vietnam. Methods To estimate the global warming impacts of mangrove LULUC, a combination of the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines, the Net Committed Emissions, and the Missed Potential Carbon Sink method were used. A literature review was then conducted to characterize the most critical parameters for calculating carbon losses, missed sequestration, methane fluxes, and dinitrogen monoxide emissions. Results and discussion Our estimated LUC emissions from mangrove deforestation resulted in 124 t CO 2 ha −1 year −1 , assuming IPCC's recommendations of 1 m of soil loss, and 96% carbon oxidation. In addition to this, 1.25 t of carbon would no longer be sequestered annually. Discounted over 20 years, this resulted in total LULUC emissions of 129 t CO 2 ha −1 year −1 (CV = 0.441, lognormal distribution (ln)). Shrimp farms in the Mekong Delta, however, can today operate for 50 years or more, but are 1.5 m deep (50% oxidation). In addition to this, Asian tiger shrimp farming in mixed mangrove concurrent farms (the only type of shrimp farm that resulted in mangrove deforestation since 2000 in our case study) resulted in 533 kg methane and 1.67 kg dinitrogen monoxide per hectare annually. Consequently, the LULUC GHG emissions resulted in 184 and 282 t CO 2 -eq t −1 live shrimp at farm gate, using mass and economic allocation, respectively. These GHG emissions are about an order of magnitude higher than from semi-intensive or intensive shrimp farming systems. Limitations in data quality and quantity also led us to quantify the uncertainties around our emission estimates, resulting in a CV of between 0.4 and 0.5. Conclusions Our results reinforce the urgency of conserving mangrove forests and the need to quantify uncertainties around LULUC emissions. It also questions mixed mangrove concurrent shrimp farming, where partial removal of mangrove forests is endorsed based upon the benefits of partial mangrove conservation and maintenance of certain ecosystem services. While we recognize that these activities limit the chances of complete removal, our estimates show that large GHG emissions from mangrove LULUC question the sustainability of this type of shrimp farming, especially since mixed mangrove farming only provide 5% of all farmed shrimp produced in Vietnam.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Including GHG emissions from mangrove forests LULUC in LCA: a case study on shrimp farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Järviö

Henriksson

Guinée

2017

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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“…The literature exploring sustainability in shrimp aquaculture has rarely used a commons approach (Lebel et al 2002;Bush et al 2010;De Silva and Davy 2010). Commons literature is poorly developed with regard to aquaculture; exceptions include studies of Vietnamese shrimp aquaculture (Armitage et al 2011;Huong and Berkes 2011;Marschke et al 2012) and collective management in Indian small-scale shrimp aquaculture (Umesh et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This Sri Lankan study addresses not only commons theory about mixed management regimes, but it also has conclusions applicable to a much larger regional situation. Small-scale shrimp aquaculture systems in various countries adapt different resource management approaches for resilience (Lebel et al 2002). Even though other small-scale community-based shrimp aquaculture practices exist in South and Southeast Asia, it seems that they have not been documented to any extent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drama of the commons in small-scale shrimp aquaculture in northwestern, Sri Lanka

Galappaththi

Berkes²

2015

Int J Commons

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Aquaculture, and shrimp aquaculture in particular, can have major social and environmental impacts. However, aquaculture remains an understudied area in commons research. Can aspects of commons theory be applied to solve problems of aquaculture? We examined three coastal community-based shrimp aquaculture operations in northwestern Sri Lanka using a case study approach. These shrimp farms were individually owned by small producers and managed under local-level rules designed by cooperatives (samithi). The common-pool resource of major interest was water for aquaculture ponds, obtained from an interconnected water body. We evaluated the shrimp farming social-ecological system by using Ostrom's design principles for collective action. Key elements of the system were: clearly defined boundaries; collaboratively designed crop calendar, bottom-up approach involving community associations, multi-level governance, and farmers-and-government collaborative structures. Together, these elements resolved the excludability and subtractability problems of commons by establishing boundary and membership rules and collective choice rules.

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“…Pond sizes in the North where they use the tidal cycle to feed shrimps and sea crabs are huge and larger than in the South (Lebel et al 2002). Pond size in Trang Cat commune is fifty three times larger than that of Bang La commune.…”

Section: Driving Forces Of Mangrove Changementioning

confidence: 95%

“…In extensive shrimp aquaculture, water is exchanged based on the tidal cycle. The flows also provide natural food for feeding sea crabs and shrimps as well as seaweed (Lebel, Tri et al 2002). However, only one kind of brackish fish named Oreochromis niloticus was found in Trang Cat.…”

Section: Driving Forces Of Mangrove Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of mangrove management systems on mangrove changes in the Northern Coast of Vietnam

Pham

Yoshino

2016

Tropics

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This research examined mangrove management in Hai Phong city, Vietnam. A combination of logistic regression model data and field survey data were used to investigate the driving forces of mangrove changes. The results indicate that implementation of mangrove management investigated by the authorities, community or local people has affected mangrove change. The main driving force of mangrove loss is over expansion of shrimp aquaculture. The poorer families would like to participate in mangrove conservation activities more than richer households. Mangrove rehabilitation programs have been successfully managed by community-based forest management in cooperation with local authorities in some coastal communes. Nevertheless, the failure to convert shrimp culture from mangrove forest is recognized in other communities. These communes have to replant mangrove in abandoned shrimp ponds and follow the mangrove management used in former communes.

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Industrial Transformation and Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand and Vietnam: Pathways to Ecological, Social, and Economic Sustainability?

Cited by 62 publications

References 18 publications

Including GHG emissions from mangrove forests LULUC in LCA: a case study on shrimp farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Including GHG emissions from mangrove forests LULUC in LCA: a case study on shrimp farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Drama of the commons in small-scale shrimp aquaculture in northwestern, Sri Lanka

Impacts of mangrove management systems on mangrove changes in the Northern Coast of Vietnam

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