Ineffective risk-reward learning in schizophrenia

Boka, Emeka; Pozzo, Jill Del; Goetz, Deborah; Remsen, Brooke; Walsh‐Messinger, Julie; Getz, Mara; Antonius, Daniel; Malaspina, Dolores

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113370

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Moreover, DeMartini et al (2014) found BART scores to correlate positively with the quantity of alcohol consumption but negatively with the frequency of alcohol consumption, while Ashenhurst et al (2011) found that higher BART scores negatively correlate with alcohol-related symptoms but are unrelated to alcohol use. The literature about risky decision-making in clinical conditions is hard to interpret considering associations with BART scores: whereas some studies reported abnormal behavioral BART scores in people with schizophrenia ( Dominguez, 2011 ; Reddy et al, 2014 ; Brown et al, 2015 ; Boka et al, 2020 ), other studies did not reproduce such results ( Fischer et al, 2015 ; Tikàsz et al, 2019 ; Luk et al, 2021 ). At the same time, studies demonstrated both positive ( Reddy et al, 2014 ) and negative ( Dominguez, 2011 ) associations with symptom severity, while another study did not find associations ( Cheng et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The widespread utilization of the BART is motivated by its capability in recreating an ecological experience to uncover (neuro)cognitive underpinnings of risk-taking in healthy subjects ( Lejuez et al, 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ; Weafer et al, 2011 ; De Groot, 2020 ; Guenther et al, 2021 ). However, measurements of risk-taking behavior are also interesting for clinical research since risk-taking indexed by BART scores has been associated with dysfunctional psychophysiological phenotypes, including anxiety ( Maner et al, 2007 ; Buelow and Barnhart, 2017 ), clinical disorders ( Hunt et al, 2005 ; Swogger et al, 2010 ; Dominguez, 2011 ; Cheng et al, 2012 ; Robbins et al, 2012 ; Reddy et al, 2014 ; Brown et al, 2015 ; Fischer et al, 2015 ; Tikàsz et al, 2019 ; Boka et al, 2020 ; Luk et al, 2021 ), abuse of heavy drugs ( Hopko et al, 2006 ; Vassilva and Conrod, 2019 ), smoking attitudes ( Lejuez et al, 2003 , 2005 ; Dean et al, 2011 ; Hanson et al, 2014 ), alcohol consumption and related symptoms ( Skeel et al, 2008 ; Fernie et al, 2010 ; Ashenhurst et al, 2011 ; Weafer et al, 2011 ; DeMartini et al, 2014 ; King et al, 2014 ), gambling ( Holt et al, 2003 ; Mishra et al, 2017 ), risky sexual behavior ( Lejuez et al, 2004 ; Bornovalova et al, 2008 ; Lawyer, 2013 ; for reviews on risk-taking and related dysfunctions see: Leigh, 1999 ; Turner et al, 2004 ; Isles et al, 2019 ). Moreover, BART use has been suggested as a potential marker for dissecting disease-related endophenotypes ( Long et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Appropriately Tuning Stochastic-Psychometric Properties of the Balloon Analog Risk Task

2022

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The Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) allows to experimentally assess individuals’ risk-taking profiles in an ecologically sound setting. Many psychological and neuroscientific studies implemented the BART for its simplicity and intuitive nature. However, some issues in the design of the BART are systematically unconsidered in experimental paradigms, which may bias the estimation of individual risk-taking profiles. Since there are no methodological guidelines for implementing the BART, many variables (e.g., the maximum explosion probabilities, the rationale underlying stochastic events) vary inconstantly across experiments, possibly producing contrasting results. Moreover, the standard version of the BART is affected by the interaction of an individual-dependent, unavoidable source of stochasticity with a trial-dependent, more ambiguous source of stochasticity (i.e., the probability of the balloon to explode). This paper shows the most appropriate experimental choices for having the lowest error in the approximation of risk-taking profiles. Performance tests of a series of simulated data suggest that a more controlled, eventually non-stochastic version of the BART, better approximates original risk-taking profiles. Selecting optimal BART parameters is particularly important in neuroscience experiments to optimize the number of trials in a time window appropriate for acquiring neuroimaging data. We also provide helpful suggestions to researchers in many fields to allow the implementation of optimized risk-taking experiments using the BART.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Appropriately Tuning Stochastic-Psychometric Properties of the Balloon Analog Risk Task

2022

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“…Evidence is accumulating that patients with schizophrenia are risk averse. In the balloon analogue risk task (BART), which is analogous in some respects to the IGT, but incorporates an overt risk element into every single ‘play’, patients with schizophrenia are abnormally wary of the potential for punishment ( Reddy et al, 2014 ; Brown et al, 2015 ; Luk et al, 2019 ; Boka et al, 2020 ). This is also evident in IGT performance, where patients are especially sensitive to the frequency of punishment, rather than the magnitude.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The schizophrenia risk gene Map2k7 regulates responding in a novel contingency-shifting rodent touchscreen gambling task

Openshaw

Pratt

Morris

2022

Disease Models &Amp; Mechanisms

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In schizophrenia, subjects show reduced ability to evaluate and update risk/reward contingencies, showing correspondingly suboptimal performance in the Iowa gambling task. JNK signalling gene variants are associated with schizophrenia risk, and JNK modulates aspects of cognition. We therefore studied the performance of mice hemizygous for genetic deletion of the JNK activator MKK7 (Map2k7+/− mice) in a touchscreen version of the Iowa gambling task, additionally incorporating a novel contingency-switching stage. Map2k7+/− mice performed slightly better than wild-type (WT) littermates in acquisition and performance of the task. Although Map2k7+/− mice adapted well to subtle changes in risk/reward contingencies, they were profoundly impaired when the positions of ‘best’ and ‘worst’ choice selections were switched, and still avoided the previous ‘worst’ choice location weeks after the switch. This demonstrates a precise role for MKK7–JNK signalling in flexibility of risk/reward assessment and suggests that genetic variants affecting this molecular pathway may underlie impairment in this cognitive domain in schizophrenia. Importantly, this new contingency shift adaptation of the rodent touchscreen gambling task has translational utility for characterising these cognitive subprocesses in models of neuropsychiatric disorders.

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“…Moreover, DeMartini et al (2014 found BART scores to correlate positively with the quantity of alcohol consumption but negatively with the frequency of alcohol consumption, while Ashenhurst et al (2011) found that higher BART scores negatively correlate with alcohol-related symptoms but are unrelated to alcohol use. The literature about risky decision-making in clinical conditions is hard to interpret considering associations with BART scores: whereas some studies reported abnormal behavioral BART scores in people with schizophrenia (Boka et al, 2020;Brown et al, 2015;Dominguez et al, 2011;Reddy et al, 2014), other studies did not reproduce such results (Fischer et al, 2015;Luk et al, 2019;Tikasz et al, 2019). At the same time, studies demonstrated both positive (Reddy et al, 2014) and negative (Dominguez et al, 2011) associations with symptom severity, while another study did not find associations (Cheng et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Measurements of risk-taking behavior are interesting for both general and clinical research. In fact, such trait as indexed by BART scores has been associated with dysfunctional psychophysiological phenotypes, including anxiety (Maner et al, 2007;Buelow and Barnhart, 2017), clinical disorders (Hunt et al, 2005;Swogger et al, 2010;Dominguez et al, 2011;Cheng et al, 2012;Robbins et al, 2012;Reddy et al, 2014;Fischer et al, 2015;Brown et al, 2015;Luk et al, 2019;Tikasz et al, 2019;Boka et al, 2020), abuse of heavy drugs (Hopko et al, 2006;Vassileva and Conrod, 2019), smoking attitudes (Lejuez et al, 2003;Lejuez et al, 2005;Dean et al, 2011;Hanson et al, 2014), alcohol consumption and related symptoms (Skeel et al, 2008;Fernie et al, 2010;Ashenhurst et al 2011;Weafer et al, 2011;DeMartini et al 2014;King et al, 2014), gambling (Holt et al, 2003;Mishra et al, 2017), risky sexual behavior (Lejuez et al, 2004;Bornovalova et al, 2008;Lawyer, 2013), and even with pandemic-related behavior (Guenther et al, 2021; for reviews on risk-taking and related dysfunctions see: Leigh, 1999;Turner et al, 2004;Isles et al, 2019). Moreover, BART use has been suggested as a potential marker for dissecting disease-related endophenotypes (Long et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Appropriately Tuning Stochastic-Psychometric Properties of the Balloon Analogue Response Task (BART)

Plinio¹,

Pettorruso²,

Ebisch³

2022

Preprint

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The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) allows to experimentally assess individuals’ risk-taking profiles in an ecologically sound setting. Many psychological and neuroscientific studies implemented the BART for its simplicity and intuitive nature. However, some issues in the design of the BART are systematically unconsidered in experimental paradigms, which may bias the estimation of individual risk-taking profiles. Since there are no methodological guidelines for implementing the BART, many variables (e.g., the maximum explosion probabilities, the rationale underlying stochastic events) vary inconstantly across experiments, possibly producing contrasting results. Moreover, the standard version of the BART is affected by the interaction of an individual-dependent, unavoidable source of stochasticity with a trial-dependent, more ambiguous source of stochasticity (i.e., the probability of the balloon to explode). This paper shows the most appropriate experimental choices for having the lowest error in the approximation of risk-taking profiles. Performance tests of a series of simulated data suggest that a more controlled, eventually non-stochastic version of the BART, better approximates original risk-taking profiles. Selecting optimal BART parameters is particularly important in neuroscience experiments to optimize the number of trials in a time window appropriate for acquiring neuroimaging data. We also provide helpful suggestions to researchers in many fields to allow the implementation of optimized risk-taking experiments using the BART.

show abstract

Ineffective risk-reward learning in schizophrenia

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

Appropriately Tuning Stochastic-Psychometric Properties of the Balloon Analog Risk Task

Appropriately Tuning Stochastic-Psychometric Properties of the Balloon Analog Risk Task

The schizophrenia risk gene Map2k7 regulates responding in a novel contingency-shifting rodent touchscreen gambling task

Appropriately Tuning Stochastic-Psychometric Properties of the Balloon Analogue Response Task (BART)

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