Inequalities for T ϕ-convex functions

Li, Shijie; Zhao, Lingzhi; Leng, Gangsong

doi:10.1007/s11741-007-0210-2

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Mechanistic laboratory studies have demonstrated that acupuncture modulates neurohumoral regulatory systems and hence cardiovascular function. 25–28 We have demonstrated in a series of experimental investigations the mechanisms and actions of acupuncture in models of elevated BP associated with reflex sympathoexcitation. 29 These studies suggest that bilateral electroacupuncture (EA) at select acupoints inhibits sympathetically mediated demand-induced myocardial ischemia by lowering blood pressure to decrease oxygen demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CME Article:Long-Lasting Reduction of Blood Pressure by Electroacupuncture in Patients with Hypertension: Randomized Controlled Trial

Tjen‐A‐Looi

Cheng

et al. 2015

Medical Acupuncture

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Acupuncture at specific acupoints has experimentally been found to reduce chronically elevated blood pressure.Objective: To examine effectiveness of electroacupuncture (EA) at select acupoints to reduce systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) in hypertensive patients.Design: Two-arm parallel study.Patients: Sixty-five hypertensive patients not receiving medication were assigned randomly to one of the two acupuncture intervention (33 versus 32 patients).Intervention: Patients were assessed with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. They were treated with 30-minutes of EA at PC 5-6+ST 36-37 or LI 6-7+GB 37-39 once weekly for 8 weeks. Four acupuncturists provided single-blinded treatment.Main outcome measures: Primary outcomes measuring effectiveness of EA were peak and average SBP and DBP. Secondary outcomes examined underlying mechanisms of acupuncture with plasma norepinephrine, renin, and aldosterone before and after 8 weeks of treatment. Outcomes were obtained by double-blinded evaluation.Results: After 8 weeks, 33 patients treated with EA at PC 5-6+ST 36-37 had decreased peak and average SBP and DBP, compared with 32 patients treated with EA at LI 6-7+GB 37-39 control acupoints. Changes in blood pressures significantly differed between the two patient groups. In 14 patients, a long-lasting blood pressure–lowering acupuncture effect was observed for an additional 4 weeks of EA at PC 5-6+ST 36-37. After treatment, the plasma concentration of norepinephrine, which was initially elevated, was decreased by 41%; likewise, renin was decreased by 67% and aldosterone by 22%.Conclusions: EA at select acupoints reduces blood pressure. Sympathetic and renin-aldosterone systems were likely related to the long-lasting EA actions.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CME Article:Long-Lasting Reduction of Blood Pressure by Electroacupuncture in Patients with Hypertension: Randomized Controlled Trial

Tjen‐A‐Looi

Cheng

et al. 2015

Medical Acupuncture

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Early studies in several models of hypertension suggested that EA lowers the elevated BP through the release of opioids, GABA, nociceptin, and serotonin (or 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the rVLM [ 28 – 32 ]. More recently, we have demonstrated that the EA inhibition of visceral reflex-induced hypertension in cats is related to the activation of μ - and δ -, but not κ -opioid receptors in the rVLM, suggesting that endorphins, enkephalins, and perhaps endomorphin, but not dynorphin, are mainly responsible for EA modulation of cardiovascular responses.…”

Section: Neurotransmitters In Rvlm Arcuate and Vlpagmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Hypertension

Zhou

Longhurst

2012

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hypertension affects approximately 1 billion individuals worldwide. Pharmacological therapy has not been perfected and often is associated with adverse side effects. Acupuncture is used as an adjunctive treatment for a number of cardiovascular diseases like hypertension. It has long been established that the two major contributors to systemic hypertension are the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system and chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Recent evidence indicates that in some models of cardiovascular disease, blockade of AT1 receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) reduces sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure, suggesting that overactivity of the angiotensin system in this nucleus may play a role in the maintenance of hypertension. Our experimental studies have shown that electroacupuncture stimulation activates neurons in the arcuate nucleus, ventrolateral gray, and nucleus raphe to inhibit the neural activity in the rVLM in a model of visceral reflex stimulation-induced hypertension. This paper will discuss current knowledge of the effects of acupuncture on central nervous system and how they contribute to regulation of acupuncture on the endocrine system to provide a perspective on the future of treatment of hypertension with this ancient technique.

show abstract

“…Our findings to date show a significant BP-lowering effect of acupuncture. We use standardized sets of acupuncture acupoints that have been shown to display specific underlying mechanisms to inhibit sympathetic activity and lower elevated BP [ 25 – 29 ]. By contrast, in studies that use many acupoints to treat symptoms related to hypertension-such as headache, dizziness, anxiety, constipation, insomnia, and lack of appetite, the outcomes and effects of treatment are more complicated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to modern scientific concepts, the meridian serves an integrative function through the sensory and ultimately the autonomic nervous systems and may also influence the endocrine and immune systems in CM [ 25 , 30 ]. In modern medical concepts, the mode of action of acupuncture is influenced by central processing and integration of peripheral afferents originating from the splanchnic organs and somatic nerves (see below) [ 8 , 25 ]. However, the mechanisms of action of acupuncture in the treatment of essential hypertension are not yet fully understood, and thus, require further investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies using compound action potential recording techniques have shown that finely myelinated fibers are the predominate afferents stimulated during low-current, low-frequency EA [ 25 , 37 ]. However, using a single afferent recording technique, we showed that both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers were activated during stimulation (at P5–6 acupoints) of the median nerve with very low current [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

What do we understand from clinical and mechanistic studies on acupuncture treatment for hypertension?

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The outcome of acupuncture on hypertension treatment is inconclusive. This study aims to evaluate the influence of acupuncture on hypertension, based on findings from mechanistic studies over the course of decades particularly those conducted at the University of California, Irvine. Low-current and low-frequency electroacupuncture (EA) at P5–6 (overlying the median nerve) and S36–37 (overlying the deep peroneal nerve) reduced high blood pressure in a subset of patients (~70 %) with mild-to-moderate hypertension, in a slow-onset (4–8 weeks) but long-lasting (1–2 months) manner. EA inhibited cardiovascular sympathoexcitatory neurons through activation of neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in the midbrain and the nucleus raphe pallidus in the medulla, through inhibiting the activity of premotor sympathetic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM). Several neurotransmitters such as glutamate, acetylcholine, opioids, GABA, nociceptin, serotonin and endocannabinoids were involved in this EA-induced hypotensive response. The long-lasting inhibition of hypertension induced by EA was related to opioids and GABA in the rVLM, neural circuitry between the arcuate and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, and prolongation of the increase in preproenkephalin mRNA levels and enkephalin levels in the rVLM and arcuate. Moreover, the long-lasting inhibition of sympathetic activity by EA was confirmed in EA-treated hypertensive patients with decreased levels of norepinephrine, renin and aldosterone.

show abstract

Inequalities for T ϕ-convex functions

Abstract: In this paper, the Tϕ-convex functions were introduced as a generalizations of convex functions. Then the characteristics of the Tϕ-convex functions were discussed. Furthermore, some new inequalities for the Tϕ-convex functions were derived.

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

CME Article:Long-Lasting Reduction of Blood Pressure by Electroacupuncture in Patients with Hypertension: Randomized Controlled Trial

CME Article:Long-Lasting Reduction of Blood Pressure by Electroacupuncture in Patients with Hypertension: Randomized Controlled Trial

Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Hypertension

What do we understand from clinical and mechanistic studies on acupuncture treatment for hypertension?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About