Inequality in China revisited. The effect of functional distribution of income on urban top incomes, the urban-rural gap and the Gini index, 1978–2015

Simarro, Ricardo Molero

doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2016.11.006

Cited by 115 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Recently, China has experienced rapid economic development, and the income gap is gradually widening compared with Europe and Japan [1]. Owing to the excessive gap between household incomes, the Chinese government has created different types of housing, including rentals and owned property rights, based on the demands of different income groups.…”

Section: Mixed Housing Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actual Conditions of Mixed Public–Private Planning for Housing Complexes in Beijing

2019

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Mixed habitation environments have gradually proved to be an effective planning method to promote social integration in many countries. However, due to the differences in the social backgrounds of each country, it is essential to implement construction methods suitable for local conditions. On the other hand, the planning theories and construction methods discussed from multiple perspectives, including an architectural perspective of spatial forms, have been insufficient, which is not conducive to constructing a sustainable dwelling environment. This article aims to clarify the planning status of spatial forms and their issues by investigating existing projects with mixed habitation environments in China. Unlike other countries that have implemented relevant policies for many years, China has just begun to explore relevant schemes (i.e., public-rental housing in private-owned housing complexes) aiming to promote mixed habitation environments. The selected research objects included all projects already inhabited at the end of June 2017 in the city of Beijing. Through field survey, the research objects were divided into eight types via an analysis of building layouts and residents’ traffic lines. The results show that out of the many research objects, two kinds of housing were clearly distinctive, and only a few research objects matched the basic conditions to be defined as a mixed habitation. The conditions are not conducive to the formation of mixed habitation; therefore, a more detailed discussion on how to design a mixed habitation environment is necessary to aid further research.

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Section: Mixed Housing Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actual Conditions of Mixed Public–Private Planning for Housing Complexes in Beijing

2019

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“…There was a higher proportion of people over 65 years of age among rural residents compared with those living in urban cities (rural: 10.1% and urban: 7.7%). Rural residents also have remarkably lower incomes [21] and inferior medical health services [22,23] than their counterparts living in urban areas. In view of these huge differences, particular attention should be paid to the rural residents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Rural Residents in China Understand EQ-5D-5L as Intended? Evidence From a Qualitative Study

Yang

Jiang

et al. 2020

PharmacoEconomics Open

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Background The 5-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) has been increasingly used in China to measure the health status of the general population and patients. However, its content validity among rural residents in China has not been formally evaluated. This qualitative study aims to assess the content validity of EQ-5D-5L among rural Chinese. Methods Participants were recruited from four regions (North, South, East and West) across China. Eligible participants were those living in the rural area in last three years and making a living by agricultural operations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Interview transcripts were analysed to assess the comprehensibility, relevance, clarity and comprehensiveness. Results Sixty-two participants were included, comparable to the national figures regarding age, sex and education. For comprehensibility, participants could understand the 'mobility', 'self-care' and 'usual activities' domains well, but some reported confusions in 'pain/discomfort' (n = 42) and 'anxiety/depression' (n = 35). Some also reported difficulties in understanding anxiety (n = 6) and depression (n = 9), possibly due to the formal wording used. For relevance, all domains were reported as health-related and participants' responses were based on their own health. For clarity, all could distinguish the five levels, but suggestions on reducing response levels and alternative wording for 'slight' were raised. For comprehensiveness, two aspects (fatigue/energy and appetite) were raised beyond the EQ-5D-5L domains. The 'mobility' domain was selected as the most important and 'anxiety/depression' as the least important. Conclusion Rural Chinese reported problems on the content validity of Chinese EQ-5D-5L. It might be sensible to consider some revisions to make it more understandable for rural residents.

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“…The gap between urban and rural regions (urban-rural gap) is remarkable, with more attentions for rural regions required to speed up their development. Although inequalities, such as income and education, of urban-rural residents are widely reported, comparatively little attention has been paid, to date, to infrastructure for public environmental protection and its corresponding economic burden [10,11]. This is clearly a shortcoming when it comes to the development of environmental policies, such as a discharge limit for sustainable environmental management and social justice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expected Rural Wastewater Treatment Promoted by Provincial Local Discharge Limit Legislation in China

Wang

Gong

2019

Sustainability

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Wastewater treatment in a rural region in China was undeveloped both in treatment capacity and legislation. The successful fast development of urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) demonstrated the importance of legislation, including discharge limits. However, most provinces, with as high as 79.8% of the rural population in China, released no specific local discharge limits. Newly issued top-designed nationwide policy in September of 2018 by central China government required all provinces to issue their local rural wastewater discharge limits before June 2019. For the first time, this research analyzed the requirements of the newly issued policy and their inconsistence with several existing provincial limits. It proposed flexible principles for determination of discharge limits under various conditions to improve the rural residential environment as a whole. This study also proposed the use of the ratio between wastewater treatment cost and life expense to describe economic burden. Economic burden calculation for wastewater treatment in rural and urban regions was established respectively. Based on three conditions described in the new policy, the average burden for all urban residents was estimated as 0.122 ± 0.038% of the total life expense. In comparison, average nationwide rural burden was 0.087 ± 0.035% and 0.564 ± 0.196% for condition I (Total nitrogen(TN)/total phosphorus(TP) for resource recovery) and condition III (TN/TP for pollutant removal), respectively. It was also revealed that a stringent rural discharge limit lead to a Gini value as high as 0.38, indicting policy-related subsidies for rural residents should be carefully considered to ensure a balanced burden. Local discharge limit legislation and suitable financial policy is expected to promote rural wastewater treatment in China in the near future.

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Inequality in China revisited. The effect of functional distribution of income on urban top incomes, the urban-rural gap and the Gini index, 1978–2015

Cited by 115 publications

References 21 publications

Actual Conditions of Mixed Public–Private Planning for Housing Complexes in Beijing

Actual Conditions of Mixed Public–Private Planning for Housing Complexes in Beijing

Do Rural Residents in China Understand EQ-5D-5L as Intended? Evidence From a Qualitative Study

Expected Rural Wastewater Treatment Promoted by Provincial Local Discharge Limit Legislation in China

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