Inequality in healthcare R&D outcomes: a model of process disruption

Environmental quality, healthcare and research and development in Saudi Arabia

“…They suggest to build a transparent and realistic plan of health goals and the necessary R&D expenditures to achieve these goals. Similarly, Callaghan et al ( 2019 ) confirm that divergence in R&D investments boosts disparity of healthcare conditions across countries. Many reasons make this disparity evident between developed and developing countries.…”

“…Despite the key role of health expenditure in enhancing health outcomes, some other scholars have shown the significance of R&D in improving health outcomes (Blaya et al 2010 ; Paruk et al 2014 ; Tsai et al 2018 ; Callaghan et al 2019 ). For instance, Paruk et al ( 2014 ) focus on the appropriate funds devoted to R&D health care in South Africa and they show that more funds allocated for R&D health care promote achieving general healthcare goals.…”

“…For instance, Paruk et al ( 2014 ) argue that the increase of spending on R&D leads to better chance of achieving general goals in the health sector and supporting the improvement of the country’s health outcomes. In the same vein, Callaghan et al ( 2019 ) argue that the differences in R&D investment improve healthcare inequality between nations. Accordingly, we predict a direct positive impacts of health expenditure and R&D on the improvement of health outcomes.…”

“…Research in this tendency is relatively so far sparse in previous literature. Second, previous studies have focused mainly on the direct relationship between either health expenditure and/or R&D on health outcomes (Bokhari et al 2007 ; Rahman et al 2018 ; Callaghan et al 2019 ; Faria et al 2021 ), health expenditure and/or R&D on CO 2 emissions (Petrović and Lobanov 2020 ; Abid et al 2022 ), or CO2 emissions and health outcomes (Erdoğan et al 2019 ; Majeed and Ozturk 2020 ; Shobande 2020 ); whereas, to our knowledge, no study has examined the mechanisms relating them. For this reason, this study seeks to investigate the possibly indirect effects of health expenditure and R&D on human health through the reduction of CO2 emissions.…”

Do benevolent and altruistic supervisors have higher postgraduate supervision throughput? The contributions of individual motivational values to South African postgraduate supervision throughput

“…Hypothesis A1, that openness to change values are positively and significantly associated with postgraduate supervision throughput, and Hypothesis A4, which relates to selftranscendence values, are not supported. These results run counter to the naïve expectation, supported by the descriptive statistics, that innovativeness (associated with openness to change values) and supportive caring (associated with self-transcendence values) would dominate in their contributions to postgraduate supervision throughput.Hypothesis A2 is also not supported, in that if innovativeness were to drive postgraduate supervision throughput, then conservation values would be expected to be negatively associated, but they are not significant.The finding that innovative values are not significantly associated with postgraduate supervision throughput seems to reflect a growing stream of literature that has identified a seeming lack of innovativeness in academic work(Callaghan, Callaghan and Jogee 2019) in scientific methodologies(Callaghan 2017;2019), as well the failure of academic research to take up new opportunities offered by novel technologies(Rubin and Callaghan 2019).…”