Inequality in per capita water availability: a Theil’s second measure approach

Abstract

This paper puts forward the application of Theil's second measure in order to investigate international per capita water availability disparities. This index permits disparities to be disintegrated within and between groups of countries in a reliable way. An analysis of 188 countries for the period of 1990-2012 demonstrated three observations: first, decline in per capita water availability disparities is characterized by both within-group and betweengroup inequality elements; second, between-group inequalities are at present the key contributors of the entire inequality scenario; and third, a comprehensive investigation on within-group inequalities divulges the noteworthy explanatory role played by Middle East countries toward increase in inequalities and countries pertaining to North America and Asia and Oceania toward decline in inequalities.

An investigation of the effects of income inequality on financial fragility: Evidence from Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries

“…For this reason, its formulation is based on the analyses of Kumhof et al (2015) and Goda et al (2017) according to which the top shares of the income distribution consist of capital owners and, hence, of entrepreneurs whose returns are reflected by operating surplus. Bhattacharya and Sinha (2016) and Sinha (2016Sinha ( , 2017 also adopt this methodological pattern as inequality may be subject to geographical differences across countries due to structural and economic fundamentals. 20 Moreover, the set of inequality indexes presented by Theil (1967) could also explore the aforementioned relationship as they utilize the between and the within group inequality components.…”

“…If these indexes are employed in empirical studies, a whole range of inequality outcomes will be obtained capturing both regional and global effects. Bhattacharya and Sinha (2016) and Sinha (2016Sinha ( , 2017 also adopt this methodological pattern as inequality may be subject to geographical differences across countries due to structural and economic fundamentals. 23 Therefore, the operating surplus to labour compensation ratio is a more suitable estimator for this study as it captures the within-effects of the capital and labour dynamics across countries (regions) and, ultimately, their role on systemic stability.…”

Tourism and inequality in per capita water availability: is the linkage sustainable?

“…This index has been used to calculate inequality byDuro and Padilla (2008),Bhattacharya and Sinha (2016),Sinha and Bhattacharya (2016),Sinha (2016Sinha ( , 2017,Keerthiratne and Tol (2018), and several others.…”

Inequality in Access to Improved Water Source: A Regional Analysis by Theil Index

“…Herein, Africa is naturally less endowed against India and China's population share lowering the per capita water footprint. However, as shown by Bhattacharya and Sinha [8], water scarcity has risen between 1990 and 2012. For a sample of 188 countries, they categorically show that disparity per capita water availability disparities has increased at within-group as well as between group levels.…”

“…Traditionally, this index is used to calculate inequalities in several contexts [8] [13]- [19], and as it is comparable in nature, it has a vivid acceptance among the scholars. While analyzing relative inequality, this index allows cross-time evaluation within individual groups, and across the groups as well.…”