Inertial drag on a sphere settling in a stratified fluid

Abstract

We compute the drag force on a sphere settling slowly in a quiescent, linearly stratified fluid. Stratification can significantly enhance the drag experienced by the settling particle. The magnitude of this effect depends on whether fluid-density transport around the settling particle is due to diffusion, to advection by the disturbance flow caused by the particle, or due to both. It therefore matters how efficiently the fluid disturbance is convected away from the particle by fluid-inertial terms. When these terms dominate, the Oseen drag force must be recovered. We compute by perturbation theory how the Oseen drag is modified by diffusion and stratification. Our results are in good agreement with recent direct-numerical simulation studies of the problem at small Reynolds numbers and large (but not too large) Froude numbers.Key words: Recent direct-numerical simulation studies of the problem (Yick et al. 2009;Zhang et al. 2017) explored how the drag depends on the importance of diffusivity versus advection, and upon the degree of density stratification. Our goal is to explain their results by perturbation theory, assuming that both Re and Ri are small but finite.Chadwick & Zvirin (1974b,a) analysed this question, but for a sphere moving horizontally in a quiescent non-diffusive stratified fluid, along surfaces of constant fluid density.Here we study the settling problem, where the particle settles vertically along the fluiddensity gradient, so that it crosses the surfaces of constant density. The two problems are quite different: when the particle moves horizontally, the streamlines of the flow tend to encircle the sphere in the horizontal plane. When the sphere moves vertically, by contrast, light fluid is pushed down into regions of larger fluid density, giving rise to complex disturbance-flow patterns (Ardekani & Stocker 2010).Neglecting effects of convective fluid inertia, the difference between horizontal and vertical motion was compared earlier. When density transport is entirely diffusive, the additional drag due to stratification is five times larger in the vertical than in the horizontal direction (Candelier et al. 2014). When density advection dominates, the vertical drag is seven times larger than the horizontal one (Zvirin & Chadwick 1975).Despite these qualitative and quantitative physical differences, the horizontal and vertical problems share an important mathematical property: regular perturbation expansions fail to describe the effects of convective fluid inertia and buoyancy due to stratification even if these perturbations are weak. Therefore so-called 'singular-perturbation' methods are required to solve the problem. We use the standard method of asymptotic matching (Saffman 1965), where inner and outer solutions of the disturbance problem are matched, describing the disturbance flow close to and far from the particle.We parameterise the effect of convective inertia and stratification in terms of length scales: the particle radius a, the Oseen length o = a/Re, and the stratification length s ...

Core mechanisms of drag enhancement on bodies settling in a stratified fluid

“…Thus, the R1-R3 and R2-R3 transitions are found to take place for Fr-values of some units in both cases (panel b in figure 2 corresponds to the lower limit of the R3 regime in the high-Pr case). Mehaddi et al (2018) determined asymptotically the first-order drag corrections due to stratification or inertia effects in the limit Re ≪ 1 and ℓ s 1 ≫ 1 but did not identify the R3 regime. This is because Fr is much larger than Re −1 there (provided Pr 1), which implies F ρω 3 ≪ 1 according to (4.16).…”

“…Asymptotic predictions for this drag increase have been derived under various approximations in the limit of negligible (Zvirin & Chadwick 1975; Camassa et al. 2010; Candelier, Mehaddi & Vauquelin 2014) or weak (Mehaddi, Candelier & Mehling 2018) inertial effects. However, these theoretical predictions all assume that stratification only provides a small correction to the total drag, which is far from the realm of most field conditions.…”

Particles, Drops, and Bubbles Moving Across Sharp Interfaces and Stratified Layers

“…Conversely, Candelier et al (2014) examined the limit where Pe is small and found that the steady state drag increases by a factor of 1 + 0.66(Re/Fr) 1/2 Pr 1/4 . Considering the Oseen regime, 0 < Re 1, Mehaddi et al (2018) established that Candelier et al's correction applies if the ratio of the stratification characteristic length, s , to the Oseen length, O = aRe −1 , is much smaller than Pr −1 , whereas the former correction applies for Pr −1 s / O Pr −1/4 , and the classical inertial drag correction factor, 1 + 3 8 Re, is recovered for s / O Pr −1/4 . A different approach, suitable for computing the drag and the density distribution, was followed by Camassa et al (2009Camassa et al ( , 2010.…”

A first-principle mechanism for particulate aggregation and self-assembly in stratified fluids

“…This yields both the diffusion-induced flows exterior to two spheres as well as the time evolution of the force exerted on each sphere by these flows, computed through the explicit evaluation of the surface integral of the stress tensor. We note that recent studies have explored anomalous force calculations for particles moving vertically through stratification 18,19 , whereas here we are focusing on horizontal motions. Supplementary Fig.…”