Inertial Sensing of the Abdominal Wall Kinematics during Diaphragmatic Breathing in Head Standing

Abstract

Head standing (HS) in concurrence with diaphragmatic breathing is an atypical deviation from daily activity, yet commonly practiced. The study aimed at the inertially sensed effect of diaphragmatic versus normal breathing on the abdomen wall kinematics during HS. Twenty-eight men and women maintained HS and erect standing (ES) under normal and diaphragmatic breathing. An inertial sensor (LORD MicroStrain®, 3DM-GX3®-45, 2 cm above the umbilicus, 100 Hz, MicroStrain, Williston, VT, USA) recorded the 3D abdomen wall angular displacement (AD) (bandpass filter (0.1–0.5 Hz)). ANOVAs (p ≤ 0.05, SPSS 28.0) were applied to the extracted variables (AD path: magnitude, individual variability-%CVind, and diaphragmatic to normal ratio). Reliability measures (ICC and %SEM) and the minimal detectable change (%MDC90) were estimated. Diaphragmatic breathing increased the AD path (p ≤ 0.05) with the diaphragmatic to normal ratio being lower in HS (p ≤ 0.05). The similar AD time series (cross-correlations at p ≤ 0.05) and the ICCs (>0.80) indicated excellent reliability with the similar across conditions %CVind (p ≤ 0.05), further enhancing reliability. The %MDC90 was consistently higher than the %SEM upper boundary, indicating the differences as “real” ones. The results contribute to the limited data concerning a widely practiced atypical deviation from daily activity, as HS in concurrence with diaphragmatic breathing.

A New Smartphone-Based Method for Remote Health Monitoring: Assessment of Respiratory Kinematics

“…In particular, these two main steps were imposed: filtering and artifact individuation. For the filtering, a 4th-order Butterworth band-pass filter, with lower and upper frequencies of 0.1 Hz and 1 Hz [33], was imposed on the signal to remove the effects of high-frequency noise, low-frequency drifts, and sensor offsets. For the artifact removal, step-like and drift artifacts were individuated in the waveforms, as they were assumed to be linked with sensors sliding during the acquisition.…”