Infant cerebral cortex phospholipid fatty-acid composition and diet

Farquharson, James; Cockburn, F.; Patrick, W A; Jamieson, E.Cherry; Logan, R. W.

doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92684-8

Cited by 541 publications

(268 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…While the impact of cigarette smoking during pregnancy on fetal growth and development is documented (Vik et al, 1996;Lassen & Oei, 1998;Luciano et al, 1998;Sommerfelt et al, 2000), no studies have investigated its effects on milk fat composition and maternal lipid profiles during lactation. It is well known that milk fat content and composition affects the supply of individual fatty acids to breastfed infants, thereby modifying their energy intake and as a consequence developmental processes too (Farquharson et al, 1992;Makrides et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earlier smoking habits are associated with higher serum lipids and lower milk fat and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the first 6 months of lactation

et al. 2003

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Objective: To investigate the relation between maternal smoking habits, plasma lipids and milk fatty acid (FA) content and composition. Design: Breastfeeding mothers who gave birth to healthy, full-term infants were recruited. Mothers were interviewed on smoking habits, being defined smokers (S) when usually smoking at least five cigarettes per day before pregnancy. Setting: Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy. Subjects: In total, 92 mothers: 61 non-S (NS) and 31 S. Interventions: Pooled hindmilk was collected at the first raise of milk (colostrum stage), 1, 3 and 6 months, and total lipid (TL) content and fatty acid (FA) composition were evaluated. Maternal dietary habits were assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. Two subsamples (16 NS, 6 S) were investigated after delivery and at 3 months for serum lipids and FA status. At 6 months after delivery, the number of mothers still breastfeeding decreased to 30. Variables were compared using nonparametric tests. Results: In smoking mothers serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins were higher, while those of high-density lipoproteins were lower. TL content in breast milk was similar in the two groups just after delivery but higher in milk from NS at 1 month. TL content and FA absolute amounts of linoleic, arachidonic, a-linolenic and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid in breast milk were lower in S vs NS 1 month after delivery. Also 3 months after delivery, the breast milk of smoking mothers contained less DHA than the breast milk of nonsmoking mothers. Conclusions: Maternal cigarette smoking in early pregnancy is associated with higher plasma lipid levels and lower milk TL and DHA content in the first months of lactation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earlier smoking habits are associated with higher serum lipids and lower milk fat and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the first 6 months of lactation

et al. 2003

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“…This difference in fatty acid composition may contribute to the known differences in cognitive function between formula-and breastfed children (Anderson et al, 1999). This idea is supported by studies showing a lower brain DHA in infants fed artificial formulas as compared with human milk-fed infants (Farquharson, 1994;Farquharson et al, 1992Farquharson et al, , 1995Makrides et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids at birth and cognitive function at 7 y of age

et al. 2003

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Objective: During the central nervous system (CNS) growth spurt, rapid accretion of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) takes place. This particularly concerns docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), which are thought to play important roles in CNS development and function. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive performance at 7 y of age and LCPUFA levels in umbilical venous plasma phospholipids, representing the prenatal fatty acid availability, and in plasma phospholipids sampled at 7 y. Design: As part of a follow-up study, the cognitive performance of 306 children, born at term, was assessed at 7 y of age with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. Backward stepwise regression analysis was used to study the relationship between the outcomes and LCPUFA status. Social class, maternal intelligence and parenting skills were included as covariables, among others. Results: Results show no significant association with either DHA or AA at birth and the cognitive performance at 7 y of age. The LCPUFA levels at 7 y were not associated with these outcomes either. Consistent with the literature, significant relationships were found between cognitive outcome measures and maternal education, maternal intelligence and the child's birthweight. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results do not provide evidence for a positive association between cognitive performance at 7 y and LCPUFA status at birth or at 7 y of age. Sponsorship: University Hospital Maastricht (Profileringsfonds: financial support) and Royal Numico, Wageningen, The Netherlands (blinded fatty acid analyses of the blood samples at follow-up).

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“…Babies fed on formula milk devoid of AA and DHA during the postnatal period have reduced plasma AA and DHA status (Putnam et al, 1982;Innis et al, 1990;Ghebremeskel et al, 1995;Farquharson et al, 1993Farquharson et al, , 1995Makrides et al, 1994). Some studies have described lower transient visual and cognitive abilities (Jorgensen et al, 1994;Carlson et al, 1994Carlson et al, , 1996aUauy et al, 1992;Birch et al, 1993;Makrides et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids are strongly associated in maternal and neonatal blood

et al. 2000

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Background: The red cell membrane fatty acid composition has frequently been used as an index of essential fatty acid (EFA) nutrition. After birth there is a decline in plasma arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids in babies fed on conventional formula which contains only the parent linoleic and a-linolenic acids. In human studies, the red cell phosphoglyceride composition appears to be more constant than that of plasma. In infants fed ®sh oil without AA, the AA proportions fall in the plasma but much less so in the red cells. This result might be considered to mean that there is no need for preformed AA. On the other hand, in a study where the levels of AA fell there was reduction of infant growth. Indeed, where cell membrane composition does change there is often an associated alteration in physiological functions of membranes. We therefore felt it worth investigating the balance between AA and DHA in a physiological situation where plasma levels are known to change, namely in pregnancy. Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate a relationship between blood phosphoglyceride AA and DHA in pregnant women and neonates. Subjects: Health pregnant women from London, England (n 193) and their term babies n 45 ; healthy pregnant women from Seoul, South Korea n 40 and their term babies n 40); and preterm neonates n 72 from London. Method: Blood samples were taken from British and Korean pregnant women during the third trimester, and from term and preterm babies at birth. These samples were taken for routine monitoring purposes in Korea and were a part of a study on pregnancy outcome for which ethical permission was granted from the East London and The City Health Authority and Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham Health Authority. Approval was also obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Asan Medical Centre, Seoul, South Korea. Results: AA and DHA correlated in plasma choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) of the British mothers (r 0.52 P`0.0001). The correlation coef®cients and signi®cance were much stronger in the red cell CPG and even more so in the term and preterm infant red cell CPGs (r 0.75, 0.80 and 0.88, respectively). Similarly, AA and DHA correlated in red cell CPGs of the Korean women and their term babies. There was also a signi®cant relationship between the two fatty acids in red cell ethanolamine phosphoglycerides in the mothers and their babies. Both linoleic (LA) and -linolenic acids (ALA) were inversely associated with AA and DHA in some of the phosphoglyceride fractions of the mothers and babies. Conclusions: Although AA and DHA have different primary dietary origins, there were signi®cant relationships between AA and DHA in the phosphoglycerides of the red cell membrane. This ®nding seems surprising if the red cell composition is determined by diet. These results suggest a physiological mechanism which attempts to maintain an appropriate balance between AA and DHA. It is plausible that there is an optimum balance between AA and DHA for membrane stability, deformability, enzyme and recep...

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Infant cerebral cortex phospholipid fatty-acid composition and diet

Cited by 541 publications

References 14 publications

Earlier smoking habits are associated with higher serum lipids and lower milk fat and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the first 6 months of lactation

Earlier smoking habits are associated with higher serum lipids and lower milk fat and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the first 6 months of lactation

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids at birth and cognitive function at 7 y of age

Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids are strongly associated in maternal and neonatal blood

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