Infant determinants of childhood weight and adiposity

Kramer, Michael S.; Barr, Ronald G.; Leduc, Denis; Boisjoly, Christiane; Pless, Ivan Barry

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(85)80627-2

Cited by 60 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…29,30 Indeed, the fetus has an ability to respond to its nutritional environment by altering gene expression and cell numbers, selecting clones of cells and thereby guiding body size and metabolism. 31 Rapid weight gain in early infancy may reflect on the one hand a genetic predisposition to overweight, which is a programming initiated during the fetal period, or the mode of infant feeding, that is, formula feeding rather than breastfeeding, 32 or the early introduction of solid foods; 33 this being not the case in the present population. 22 Alternatively, and hence more likely, excessive weight gain during the first months of life may be a consequence of failure in establishing anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic responses to the initial environmental challenge that derives from indigenous gut microbes, thus creating a low-grade inflammatory state characteristic of obesity and metabolic disorders, 34 not to forget the impact of gut microbiota on the release of several energy balance-controlling gut hormones 35 and on the host metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

The impact of perinatal probiotic intervention on the development of overweight and obesity: follow-up study from birth to 10 years

et al. 2010

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Background: The achievements in combating the increasing trend of overweight and obesity have thus far been inadequate. The recently discovered instrumental role of the gut microbiota in host metabolism may offer a novel target in the prevention and management of obesity. Objective: To evaluate the impact of perinatal probiotic intervention on childhood growth patterns and the development of overweight during a 10-year follow-up. Patients and methods: Altogether 159 women were randomized and double-blinded to receive probiotics (1 Â 10 10 colonyforming units of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, ATCC 53103) or placebo 4 weeks before expected delivery; the intervention extending for 6 months postnatally. Anthropometric measurements of the children were taken at the ages of 3, 6, 12 and 24 months and at 4, 7 and 10 years in 113 (72%) children. Results: The excessive weight gain was detected to be two-parted; the initial phase of excessive weight gain initiating during fetal period and continuing until 24-48 months of age and a second phase of excessive weight gain starting after the age of 24-48 months. The perinatal probiotic intervention appeared to moderate the initial phase of excessive weight gain, especially among children who later became overweight, but not the second phase of excessive weight gain, the impact being most pronounced at the age of 4 years (P ¼ 0.063, analysis of variance for repeated measures). The effect of intervention was also shown as a tendency to reduce the birth-weight-adjusted mean body mass index at the age of 4 years (P ¼ 0.080, analysis of covariance). Conclusions: Early gut microbiota modulation with probiotics may modify the growth pattern of the child by restraining excessive weight gain during the first years of life. This novel observation calls for further epidemiological and clinical trials, with precise data on early growth patterns and on confounding factors influencing weight development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

The impact of perinatal probiotic intervention on the development of overweight and obesity: follow-up study from birth to 10 years

et al. 2010

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“…Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that early postnatal overnutrition represents a risk factor for later obesity and associated metabolic and cardiovascular disturbance (Plagemann et al 1992, Kramer et al 1998. Reduction of pre-weaning litter size in rats is an appropriate experimental model to study immediate and long-term consequences of overnutrition during the critical perinatal period (Faust et al 1980, Basset & Craig 1988.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low expression of insulin signaling molecules impairs glucose uptake in adipocytes after early overnutrition

Rodrigues¹,

Souza²,

Silva³

et al. 2007

Journal of Endocrinology

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Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that early postnatal overnutrition represents a risk factor for later obesity and associated metabolic and cardiovascular disturbance. In the present study, we assessed the levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4), GLUT-1, insulin receptor (IR), IR substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt expression, as well as insulin-stimulated glucose transport and Akt activity in adipocytes from adult rats previously raised in small litters (SL). The normal litter (NL) served as control group. We also investigated glycemia, insulinemia, plasma lipid levels, and glucose tolerance. Our data demonstrated that early postnatal overfeeding induced a persistent hyperphagia accompanied by a significant increase in body weight until 90 days of age. The SL group also presented a significant increase (w42%) in epidydimal fat weight. Blood glucose, plasma insulin, and lipid levels were similar among the animals from the SL and NL groups. While insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was approximately twofold higher in adipocytes from the NL group, no stimulatory effect was observed in the SL group. The impaired insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipose cells from the SL rats was associated with a significant decrease in GLUT-4, IRS-1 and PI3K expression, and Akt activity. In contrast, IR and Akt expression in adipocytes was not different between the SL and NL groups. Despite these alterations, our results showed no differences in glucose tolerance test in rats raised under different feeding conditions. Our findings reinforce a potent and long-term effect of neonatal overfeeding, which can program major changes in the metabolic regulatory mechanisms.

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“…In a second publication, these authors reported that the protective effect of breastfeeding persisted when these children were reassessed at 24 months. 39 Fomon et al, 40 in a cohort study conducted with 469 children, did not find any difference in adiposity parameters (BMI, triceps and subscapular skinfolds) and in serum cholesterol levels, at the age of eight years, between breastfed and formula-fed children. Some authors claim that some children were not on exclusive breastfeeding, but they do not clearly define the exposure variable, which is a limitation to this study.…”

Section: Breastfeeding Versus Obesity: Epidemiological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…In this regard, several authors have formulated the hypothesis that breastfeeding has a protective effect against obesity, but controversial results have been obtained. [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] In the present study, the authors review the literature on this topic by analyzing several epidemiological studies that investigated a possible relationship between breastfeeding and obesity, as well as studies that demonstrate the biological plausibility of this relationship and that seek to explain the mechanisms that are potentially involved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%