Infant Feeding and Blood Cholesterol: A Study in Adolescents and a Systematic Review

Owen, Christopher G.; Whincup, Peter H.; Odoki, Katherine; Gilg, Julie; Cook, Derek G

doi:10.1542/peds.110.3.597

Cited by 292 publications

(236 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Another possibility is that serum cholesterol levels are not affected by total SAFA intake, but are specifically affected by palmitic and myristic acids (Samuelson et al, 2001). As breastfeeding compared to formula is associated with higher TC levels in infancy, but not lasting after infancy or early childhood, (Å keson Karlsland et al, 1999;Owen et al, 2002) we were surprised by the comparatively low TC levels in our study group and the small change from 6 to 12 months. The number of infants, breastfed at 6 months was close to official national statistics of 76% (The National board of Health and Welfare, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Growth rate and nutrition early in life have impact on these diseases later in life, although the associations between obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and serum lipids are complex (Bergström et al, 1995;Berenson et al, 1998;Owen et al, 2002;Thorsdottir et al, 2003). The Bogalusa heart study (Berenson et al, 1998) showed that known risk factors for CVD are present already during childhood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with formula feeding, breastfeeding is associated with higher total cholesterol (TC) levels in infancy, but the effect disappears after infancy and early childhood (Å keson Karlsland et al, 1999;Bayley et al, 2002). However, it has been suggested that breastfeeding may programme for lower TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in adulthood (Owen et al, 2002;Barker, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary fat in infancy should be more focused on quality than on quantity

et al. 2007

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Objective: The primary aim was to assess, the association of the quantity and quality of dietary fat intake from 6 to 12 months of age and serum lipids at 12 months. Subjects/Methods: Three hundred healthy term Swedish infants were recruited in a longitudinal prospective study at the age of 6 months; 276 remained in the study at 12 months. Food records and anthropometric data were collected monthly from 6 to 12 months; serum lipids were analysed at 6 and 12 months. Results: Swedish infants had a total fat intake within the Nordic recommendations, but intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was low (5.6 percent of total energy (E%)) and intake of saturated fatty acids (SAFA) was high (15.1 E%). Higher PUFA intake was associated with lower total serum cholesterol (TC, B ¼ À0.13, P ¼ 0.003), lower low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, B ¼ À0.12, P ¼ 0.004) and apolipoprotein B (B ¼ À0.03) (P ¼ 0.034) in girls but not in boys. When data from the present study were compared to data from similar studies in Finland and Iceland, it appears that the quality of the dietary fat has greater impact on serum lipid levels than the quantity of fat in the diet. Conclusions: Higher PUFA and lower SAFA intakes may reduce TC and LDL-C early in life, particularly in girls. Further, with respect to lowering serum lipid concentrations in early childhood it seems appropriate to set focus on fat quality rather than the quantity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary fat in infancy should be more focused on quality than on quantity

et al. 2007

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“…2005; Owen et al . 2002) for children later in life and reduced risk of cancers (Awatef et al . 2010; Jordan et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pervasive promotion of breastmilk substitutes in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and high usage by mothers for infant and young child feeding

Pries

Huffman

Mengkheang

et al. 2016

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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In 2005, Cambodia passed the Sub‐Decree on Marketing of Products for Infant and Young Child Feeding (no. 133) to regulate promotion of commercial infant and young child food products, including breastmilk substitutes. Helen Keller International assessed mothers' exposure to commercial promotions for breastmilk substitutes and use of these products through a cross‐sectional survey among 294 mothers of children less than 24 months of age. Eighty‐six per cent of mothers reported observing commercial promotions for breastmilk substitutes, 19.0% reported observing infant and young child food product brands/logos on health facility equipment and 18.4% reported receiving a recommendation from a health professional to use a breastmilk substitute. Consumption of breastmilk substitutes was high, occurring among 43.1% of children 0–5 months and 29.3% of children 6–23 months of age. Findings also indicated a need to improve breastfeeding practices among Phnom Penh mothers. Only 36.1% of infants 0–5 months of age were exclusively breastfed, and 12.5% of children 20–23 months of age were still breastfed. Children that received a breastmilk substitute as a prelacteal feed were 3.9 times more likely to be currently consuming a breastmilk substitute than those who did not. Despite restriction of commercial promotions for breastmilk substitutes without government approval, occurrence of promotions is high and use is common among Phnom Penh mothers. In a country with high rates of child malnutrition and pervasive promotions in spite of restrictive national law, full implementation of Cambodia's Sub‐Decree 133 is necessary, as are policies and interventions to support exclusive and continued breastfeeding. Key messages Despite prohibition without specific approval by the national government, companies are pervasively promoting breast‐milk substitutes in Phnom Penh, particularly on television and at points of sale.Strengthened implementation and enforcement of Cambodia's subdecree 133 are needed to better regulate promotion in order to protect breastfeeding for the nutrition and health of infants and young children in Cambodia.Mothers who used a breast‐milk substitute as a prelacteal feed were 3.9 times more likely to currently feed this same child a breast‐milk substitute, as compared with mothers who did not provide breast‐milk substitute as a prelacteal feed. Supporting breastfeeding among mothers after delivery is critical to establish and sustain optimal breastfeeding practices.Use of breast‐milk substitutes is also very common among mothers of children under 2 years of age in Phnom Penh. We recommend promoting exclusive and continued breastfeeding as beneficial to children's health and development, and supporting policy and workplace environments that enable breastfeeding up to and beyond 24 months of age.

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“…08)) after adjusting for current age, gender and growth in the previous period (C Corvalan, R Uauy, AD Stein, J Kain and R Martorell, unpublished results). The possibility that early diet conditions the total cholesterol-HDL-cholesterol relationship should be contemplated, although the direction of the associations may be reversed in the long term (79,91) . The authors are presently conducting a follow-up of the cohort to establish these associations at 7 years of age.…”

Section: Effect Of Mode Of Feeding On Growth Obesity and Cvd Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of growth patterns and early diet on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in young children from developing countries

et al. 2009

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Non-communicable chronic diseases are now a worldwide epidemic. Diet and physical activity throughout life are among its main determinants. In countries undergoing the early stages of the nutrition transition weight gain from birth to 2 years of life is related to lean mass gain, while ponderal gain after age 2 years is related to adiposity and later diabetes and CVD risk. Evidence from developing countries undergoing the more advanced stages of the nutrition transition is limited. The early growth patterns of a cohort of Chilean children born in 2002 with normal birth weight who at 4 years had a high prevalence of obesity and CVD risk factors have been assessed. Results indicate that BMI gain in early life, particularly from 6 months to 24 months, is positively associated with adiposity and CVD risk status at 4 years. These results together with existing evidence suggest that actions to prevent obesity and nutrition-related chronic diseases in developing countries should start early in life, possibly after 6 months of age. This approach should consider assessing the effect of mode of feeding and the amount and type of energy fed, as well as the resulting growth patterns. The challenge for researchers addressing the nutrition transition is to define the optimal nutrition in early life, considering not only the short-and long-term health consequences but also taking into account the stage of the nutritional transition for the given population of interest. The latter will probably require redefining optimal postnatal growth based on the context of maternal size and fetal growth.

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Infant Feeding and Blood Cholesterol: A Study in Adolescents and a Systematic Review

Abstract: Breastfeeding is associated with increased mean TC and LDL levels in infancy but lower levels in adulthood/adult life. These results suggest that breastfeeding may have long-term benefits for cardiovascular health and may have implications for the content of formula feed milks.

Cited by 292 publications

References 72 publications

Dietary fat in infancy should be more focused on quality than on quantity

Dietary fat in infancy should be more focused on quality than on quantity

Pervasive promotion of breastmilk substitutes in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and high usage by mothers for infant and young child feeding

Impact of growth patterns and early diet on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in young children from developing countries

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