Infant feeding and the energy transition: A comparison between decarbonising breastmilk substitutes with renewable gas and achieving the global nutrition target for breastfeeding

Long, Aoife; Mintz‐Woo, Kian; Daly, Hannah; O’Connell, Maeve; Smyth, Beatrice; Murphy, Jerry D.

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129280

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Mothers (and other caregivers) have indicated confusion between BMS products being marketed (Barennes et al, 2008; Berry et al, 2010; Cattaneo et al, 2015) and health service and BMS industry interactions may be so normalized that the effect is not recognized (Bognar et al, 2020). It would be valuable to also collate the global research evidence on the effect of inappropriate marketing on family and national economics and environmental impact (Dadhich et al, 2021; Long et al, 2021; Smith, 2015; Walters et al, 2019) towards building the knowledge and developing coordinated multi‐faceted solutions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global evidence of persistent violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes: A systematic scoping review

Becker

Zambrano²,

Ching

et al. 2022

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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The influence of marketing on infant and young child feeding and health is well recognized, and an International Code was adopted by the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1981 to reduce inappropriate marketing and protect breastfeeding. Yet the marketing and influencing continue. This scoping review systematically examined the published research evidence on the nature and extent of exposure to International Code violations from 1981 to August 2021. We used several search strategies involving multi-language databases, organization websites, citation tracking, and expert consultation, to find research items meeting our inclusion criteria. We evaluated 657 items and retained 153 studies from at least 95 countries in the review. The majority of the studies (n = 113) documenting exposure to inappropriate marketing were published since 2010. Studies reported a broad range of marketing violations targeting mothers and families, health workers, and the general public. Marketing via digital platforms and brand extension has become more frequent. The evidence shows the use of misleading and inaccurate labeling and health and nutrition claims in breach of the Code. Our review confirms that violations of the Code have not ceased and calls for renewed attention from the WHA and national governments to protect the health of children and their mothers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global evidence of persistent violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes: A systematic scoping review

Becker

Zambrano²,

Ching

et al. 2022

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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“…Long et al (2021) suggested an innovative solution to reduce emissions in the production of artificial milk formula. Manufacturers that produce artificial milk formula could be targeted in efforts to change to renewable gas to decarbonize their process of formula production.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To reduce greenhouse gas emissions permanently, a redesign of vital policies toward greener economies is needed. Some suggestions made in the reviewed articles included using renewable energy sources to manufacture the artificial milk formula needed for specific purposes (Long et al, 2021), and reusing ready-to-use artificial milk formula waste from hospitals for animal feed and on-site and off-site composting (Ryan-Fogarty et al, 2017). However, the most direct solution for sustaining the environment is the promotion of breastfeeding exclusivity for the recommended duration and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years and beyond.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further reduction of the total carbon footprint can be made if breastfeeding women consume a plant-based diet following dietary guidelines, because greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based food production is nearly twice that of plantbased food production (Xu et al, 2021). Long et al (2021) suggested an innovative solution to reduce emissions in the production of artificial milk formula. Manufacturers that produce artificial milk formula could be targeted in efforts to change to renewable gas to decarbonize their process of formula production.…”

Section: Breastfeeding and Carbon Footprint Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Manufacturers that produce artificial milk formula could be targeted in efforts to change to renewable gas to decarbonize their process of formula production. However, the emission savings for achieving a minimum 50% exclusive breastfeeding target are greater than decarbonizing the current consumption with renewable gas alone (Long et al, 2021). Given that artificial milk formula serves a functional purpose for reasons including medical use, increasing exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months duration should be accompanied by this renewable gas solution to have a meaningful positive influence on the environment (Long et al, 2021).…”

Section: Breastfeeding and Carbon Footprint Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustainable Breastfeeding: A State-of-the Art Review

Bai,

Alsaidi

2023

J Hum Lact

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Background: Disparities in breastfeeding rates and exclusivity exist across regions and countries despite multifaceted breastfeeding promotion efforts in recent decades. Markets for artificial milk formula continue to grow as its substitution for breastfeeding is common. A new approach is needed for breastfeeding promotion strategies. Research Aim: This state-of-the-art review aimed to describe the implications of not-breastfeeding on the environment within the context of food system sustainability. Method: A total of 19 peer-reviewed articles within a 20-year timeframe were included in this review. Authors searched five databases for articles including Science Direct, GreenFILE, Springer Link, ProQuest, and PubMed. Results: The demand for artificial milk formula production as a replacement for breastfeeding results in increased greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and waste, thereby aggravating problems with freshwater scarcity. A short duration of breastfeeding and limited exclusivity have been associated with close birth spacing and contributing to global population growth. Breastfeeding is a healthy, sustainable diet, and a culturally acceptable first food. It advances health equity and food security. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life can be promoted with emphasis on total carbon footprint reduction, prevention of waterway degradation, and natural birth spacing, thereby sustaining food systems at large. Conclusion: It is important to reform food, nutrition, and environmental policies to protect exclusive breastfeeding while decarbonizing artificial milk formula production. More research is needed to provide directions for new breastfeeding promotion strategies connecting breastfeeding with environmental stewardship.

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Addressing Infant and Young Child Feeding Recommendations From a Planetary Health Perspective

Santos-Guzmán,

Rivera,

Unar-Munguía

et al. 2024

Advances in Nutrition

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Infant feeding and the energy transition: A comparison between decarbonising breastmilk substitutes with renewable gas and achieving the global nutrition target for breastfeeding

Cited by 13 publications

References 30 publications

Global evidence of persistent violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes: A systematic scoping review

Global evidence of persistent violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes: A systematic scoping review

Sustainable Breastfeeding: A State-of-the Art Review

Addressing Infant and Young Child Feeding Recommendations From a Planetary Health Perspective

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