Infant Feeding Practices and Associated Factors Through the First 9 Months of Life in Bavaria, Germany

Abstract

Further improvements in nutrition of infants may be achieved in 2 ways: promotion of breast-feeding according to current recommendations and better counselling on the correct timing of introduction of semisolid food-especially for parents of not- or short-time breast-fed babies and focused on young mothers with low levels of education.

The role of infant feeding practices in the explanation for ethnic differences in infant growth: the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study

“…The Dutch health care system recommends introducing complementary food between the ages of 4 and 6 months. The present results, and those from other studies (22,37,43) , show that mothers from African descent are less likely to follow these guidelines and introduce complementary food earlier. This infant feeding pattern, e.g.…”

“…We selected healthy infants with a normal and appropriate pregnancy outcome to comprise a healthy study population, due to exclusion of pre-term born and small-for-gestational age children. Furthermore, we analysed growth in weight, length and weight-for-length and were able to include many known risk factors for early growth (37) . The present study is one of the first to investigate ethnic differences in growth in weight and length in infancy.…”

“…Selected confounders were based a priori on earlier literature showing the influence on early growth (28,37) . The prenatal confounders were maternal age (years), education (years of education after primary school: #5, 6 -10 and .10 years) smoking habits (no, 1 -5 or .5 cigarettes) during pregnancy, diabetes (no, pre-existent and gestational), hypertension (no, pre-existent and gestational) and pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m 2 ) based on self-reported height and weight (, 18·5, 18·5-20, 20 -25, 25 -30 and .30), parity (0, 1 and $2) and maternal and paternal height (cm).…”

Dietary patterns and breast-feeding in Australian children

“…It is of interest that the association between breast-feeding and the healthy, meat and vegetable pattern was independent of education, which was associated with this pattern as well. Other studies have reported positive associations between breast-feeding and education (49,50) , and women who breast-fed for .16 weeks were more often highly educated (51) . In the latter study, breast-fed children were less likely to have a low consumption of fruit and vegetables and a high consumption of snacks or an unhealthy diet, independent of maternal education (51) .…”

Timely Initiation of Complementary Feeding and Associated Factors among Children Aged 6 to 12 Months in Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2015

“…Less than one-third of [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] months old children met the minimum criteria for dietary diversity [8,9], and only 50% received the minimum number of meals and only 21% of children aged 6-23 months met the minimum criteria [9]. Infant formula supplementation at any age is uncommon in Ethiopia [10].…”