Infant formulas with synthetic oligosaccharides and respective marketing practices: Position Statement of the German Society for Child and Adolescent Medicine e.V. (DGKJ), Commission for Nutrition

Bührer, Christoph; Ensenauer, Regina; Jochum, Frank; Kalhoff, Hermann; Koletzko, Berthold; Lawrenz, Burkhard; Mihatsch, Walter; Posovszky, Carsten; Rudloff, Silvia

doi:10.1186/s40348-022-00146-y

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In a recent consensus paper, it was stated that the addition of one simple, short-chain oligosaccharide to infant formula does not lead to a similarity with the complex composition of hundreds of short- and long-chain oligosaccharides in human milk. 108 Importantly, the use of single isolated or synthetic MOS could lead to stronger and more straightforward conclusions regarding the functional role in human health. Overall, the use of well-defined MOS extracts could lead to multiple health benefits for the infant.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Relevance of Goat Milk Oligosaccharides to Infant Health

van der Toorn,

Chatziioannou,

Pellis

et al. 2023

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Milk is often regarded as the gold standard for the nourishment of all mammalian offspring. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of the life of the infant, followed by a slow introduction of complementary foods to the breastfeeding routine for a period of approximately 2 years, whenever this is possible ( Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding WHO 2003 ). One of the most abundant components in all mammals’ milk, which is associated with important health benefits, is the oligosaccharides. The milk oligosaccharides (MOS) of humans and other mammals differ in terms of their concentration and diversity. Among those, goat milk contains more oligosaccharides ( g MOS) than other domesticated dairy animals, as well as a greater range of structures. This review summarizes the biological functions of MOS found in both human and goat milk to identify the possible biological relevance of g MOS in human health and development. Based on the existing literature, seven biological functions of g MOS were identified, namely, MOS action as prebiotics, immune modulators, and pathogen traps; their modulation of intestinal cells; protective effect against necrotizing enterocolitis; improved brain development; and positive effects on stressor exposure. Overall, goat milk is a viable alternate supply of functional MOS that could be employed in a newborn formula.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Relevance of Goat Milk Oligosaccharides to Infant Health

van der Toorn,

Chatziioannou,

Pellis

et al. 2023

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Potential health effects caused by supplemented HMOs have been discussed critically, especially in the context of infant formula. In some publications, it was stated that the number of existing clinical studies is too limited and does not allow conclusions about clinically relevant advantages of HMO supplementation [ 84 , 85 ]. However, these earlier reviews did not systematically assess the clinical evidence and omitted some of the studies discussed herein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Studies on the Supplementation of Manufactured Human Milk Oligosaccharides: A Systematic Review

Schönknecht,

Moreno Tovar,

Jensen

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a major component of human milk. They are associated with multiple health benefits and are manufactured on a large scale for their addition to different food products. In this systematic review, we evaluate the health outcomes of published clinical trials involving the supplementation of manufactured HMOs. We screened the PubMed database and Cochrane Library, identifying 26 relevant clinical trials and five publications describing follow-up studies. The clinical trials varied in study populations, including healthy term infants, infants with medical indications, children, and adults. They tested eight different HMO structures individually or as blends in varying doses. All trials included safety and tolerance assessments, and some also assessed growth, stool characteristics, infections, gut microbiome composition, microbial metabolites, and biomarkers. The studies consistently found that HMO supplementation was safe and well tolerated. Infant studies reported a shift in outcomes towards those observed in breastfed infants, including stool characteristics, gut microbiome composition, and intestinal immune markers. Beneficial gut health and immune system effects have also been observed in other populations following HMO supplementation. Further clinical trials are needed to substantiate the effects of HMO supplementation on human health and to understand their structure and dose dependency.

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“…The intestinal barrier has been shown to be susceptible to changes after exposure to hMOs in vivo and in vitro. This review will focus predominantly on the most frequently studied hMOs and specifically those that are currently considered to qualify for use in infant formula (Bührer et al., 2022).…”

Section: Hmos and The Intestinal Immune Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal barrier function, immunity, and neurocognition: The role of human milk oligosaccharide (hMO) supplementation in infant formula

Kassai,

de Vos

2023

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Breastmilk is seen as the gold standard for infant nutrition as it provides nutrients and compounds that stimulate gut barrier, immune, and brain development to the infant. However, there are many instances where it is not possible for an infant to be fed with breastmilk, especially for the full 6 months recommended by the World Health Organization. In such instances, infant formula is seen as the next best approach. However, infant formulas do not contain human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs), which are uniquely present in human milk as the third most abundant solid component. hMOs have been linked to many health benefits, such as the development of the gut microbiome, the immune system, the intestinal barrier, and a healthy brain. This paper reviews the effects of specific hMOs applied in infant formula on the intestinal barrier, including the not‐often‐recognized intestinal alkaline phosphatase system that prevents inflammation. Additionally, impact on immunity and the current proof for effects in neurocognitive function and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed. Recent studies suggest that hMOs can alter gut microbiota, modulate intestinal immune barrier function, and promote neurocognitive function. The hMOs 2′‐fucosyllactose and lacto‐N‐neotetraose have been found to have positive effects on the development of infants and have been deemed safe for use in formula. However, their use has been limited due to their cost and complexity of synthesis. Thus, although many benefits have been described, complex hMOs and combinations of hMOs with other oligosaccharides are the best approach to stimulate gut barrier, immune, and brain development and for the prevention of disease.

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Infant formulas with synthetic oligosaccharides and respective marketing practices: Position Statement of the German Society for Child and Adolescent Medicine e.V. (DGKJ), Commission for Nutrition

Cited by 8 publications

References 51 publications

Biological Relevance of Goat Milk Oligosaccharides to Infant Health

Biological Relevance of Goat Milk Oligosaccharides to Infant Health

Clinical Studies on the Supplementation of Manufactured Human Milk Oligosaccharides: A Systematic Review

Gastrointestinal barrier function, immunity, and neurocognition: The role of human milk oligosaccharide (hMO) supplementation in infant formula

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