Infantile Overnutrition in the First Year of Life: A Field Study in Dudley, Worcestershire

Shukla, Anuradha; Forsyth, H. A.; Anderson, Charlotte M.; Marwah, S. M.

doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5839.507

Cited by 165 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Current infant feeding practices in the United Kingdom favour artificial milk formulae and the early introduction of solid foods at the expense of breast feeding (Taitz, 1971;Shukla et al, 1972). Such practices have been shown to be associated with a considerably higher protein intake than is currently recommended (Shukla et al, 1972).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood urea. Normal values in early infancy related to feeding practices.

Davies¹,

Saunders²

1973

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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confidence: 99%

Blood urea. Normal values in early infancy related to feeding practices.

Davies¹,

Saunders²

1973

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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“…low and high fat) could result in increased fat deposition and obesity. The early introduction of solid food may be more relevant to infant obesity than excessive formula feeding inasmuch as caloric intake is increased to a much greater extent (4,5). Also, higher intakes of fat than that in our experiment may increase fat mass gain in infants because the macronutrient composition of formulas is known to influence the lean and fat mass gain by premature babies (21-23).…”

Section: '709 0 Nfmentioning

confidence: 72%

Maternal Weight and Sire Group, Not Caloric Intake, Influence Adipocyte Volume in Infant Female Baboons

1991

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ABSTRACT. We tested the hypothesis that overfeeding with a high caloric (concentrated) formula increases growth without influencing adipocyte volume in preweaning infant baboons. Female infant baboons from three sires and 25 dams were fed either 67.5 kcal (normal formula) or 94.5 kcal (concentrated formula)/100 g Similac formula. Immediately before weaning (19 wk), adipocyte volume was measured in biopsied adipose tissue from omentum, flank, and popliteal depots. From birth until weaning, infants fed the concentrated formula consumed 20% more total calories, averaged 15% more calories/kg/wk, and gained 14% more weight than normally fed infants. Adipocyte volume differed significantly among different sites (omentum > popliteal > flank) and among different sire groups. Increased caloric intake alone did not increase adipocyte volume. There was a small but significant sire by infant formula interaction on adipocyte volume. When fed the concentrated formula, progeny from one sire had larger adipocytes than normally fed infants, whereas progeny from the other two sires had smaller adipocytes or adipocytes that were comparable to infants fed normal formula. Variability in adipocyte volume at 19 wk of age was best accounted for by maternal weight and sire group (omentum R2 = 0 . 3 3 4 ,~ = 0.026; flank R2 = 0 . 5 3 2 ,~ = 0.01; popliteal R2 = 0.482, p = 0.01) and not by caloric intake. These results suggest that the level of triglyceride deposition into adipocytes attained during preweaning growth is determined to a greater extent by genetic and other factors rather than caloric intake. (Pediatr Res 30: 534-540,1991) Abbreviations ANOVA, analysis of variance During the first months of life, adipose tissue accounts for as much as 40% of the total weight gained by human infants (I). The extent to which overnutrition and genetic factors influence the rapid increase in fat mass during infancy is not clear. The conventional wisdom is that infant overfeeding results in obese infants, yet there is conflicting evidence whether infant overnutrition results in obese or even moderately fatter infants. Studies that suggest that overfeeding results in infant obesity are based primarily on increased weight gain and skinfold thicknesses in prematurely weaned and formula fed infants (2-5). Other studies

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“…This risk could be reduced by recommending a greater dilution with water, by offering water as a drink during hot weather, and by making feeds up half strength during minor illness when there is anorexia. Hyperosmolar dehydration , and obesity due to overfeeding in infancy (Eid, 1970;Shukla et al, 1972) have been the subjects of many papers over the last two decades. Cows' milk contains more than three times as much sodium as human milk, and since the infant kidney cannot always excrete a solute load above 700 mOsm/l.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inaccuracies in Measurement of Dried Milk Powders

Wilkinson¹,

Noble²,

Gray³

et al. 1973

BMJ

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15alone cannot account for the discrepancies noted by it is probable that in addition the instructions are not followed carefully.We have begun to investigate the scoop weights obtained by mothers and the preliminary results of this study confirm that scoops are often overfilled. Since the instructions for filling scoops differ widely from brand to brand it is obviously important that all personnel concerned with infant feeding should be thoroughly conversant with the instructions for each brand of milk. However, the variations that we have found when following the instructions carefully raise the question of whether the scoop is a satisfactory measure at all. The danger of hyperosmolar feeding could be reduced by greater dilution of full cream milks with water, and allowing the baby a slightly larger volume of feed. ConclusionsThe addition of mineral substances in the manufacture of milks used for infant feeding probably alters the mineral composition slightly, but the addition of whey neutralized with sodium bicarbonate as used in the manufacture of Trufood Formula 4 results in an unusually high concentration of sodium. As the addition of even small amounts of substances may have an important bearing on an infant's nutrition and metabolism, we think that the chemical formulae and amounts of all substances added in the processing of such milks should be made readily available by the manufacturers. Furthermore, we suggest that as well as the content of protein the amounts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus present in the powders or liquids should be written on the packet and expressed in both mg/100 g and mEq/kg. When a scoop is provided the weight of powder contained in a scoop should also be displayed on the container in both grammes and ounces. Milk powders that reconstitute to a composition close to that of cows' milk present an osmotic load to the kidneys that may endanger water balance in some circumstances. Since this risk is greatly increased by the tendency to overfill scoops and to make feeds too concentrated, a specific inquiry on these points should be made when dealing with any case of dehydration or hypernatraemia. This risk could be reduced by recommending a greater dilution with water, by offering water as a drink during hot weather, and by making feeds up half strength during minor illness when there is anorexia.We gratefully acknowledge the help of Mr. J. Mitchell, ofthe department of chemical pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, London, who performed the nitrogen analyses.

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Infantile Overnutrition in the First Year of Life: A Field Study in Dudley, Worcestershire

Cited by 165 publications

References 11 publications

Blood urea. Normal values in early infancy related to feeding practices.

Blood urea. Normal values in early infancy related to feeding practices.

Maternal Weight and Sire Group, Not Caloric Intake, Influence Adipocyte Volume in Infant Female Baboons

Inaccuracies in Measurement of Dried Milk Powders

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