Infants in Control: Prospective Motor Control and Executive Functions in Action Development

Abstract

This thesis assesses the link between action and cognition early in development. Thus the notion of an embodied cognition is investigated by tying together two levels of action control in the context of reaching in infancy: prospective motor control and executive functions.The ability to plan our actions is the inevitable foundation of reaching our goals. Thus actions can be stratified on different levels of control. There is the relatively low level of prospective motor control and the comparatively high level of cognitive control. Prospective motor control is concerned with goal-directed actions on the level of single movements and movement combinations of our body and ensures purposeful, coordinated movements, such as reaching for a cup of coffee. Cognitive control, in the context of this thesis more precisely referred to as executive functions, deals with goal-directed actions on the level of whole actions and action combinations and facilitates directedness towards mid-and long-term goals, such as finishing a doctoral thesis. Whereas prospective motor control and executive functions are well studied in adulthood, the early development of both is not sufficiently understood.This thesis comprises three empirical motion-tracking studies that shed light on prospective motor control and executive functions in infancy. Study I investigated the prospective motor control of current actions by having 14-month-olds lift objects of varying weights. In doing so, multi-cue integration was addressed by comparing the use of visual and non-visual information to non-visual information only. Study II examined the prospective motor control of future actions in action sequences by investigating reach-to-place actions in 14-month-olds. Thus the extent to which Fitts' law can explain movement duration in infancy was addressed. Study III lifted prospective motor control to a higher that is cognitive level, by investigating it relative to executive functions in 18-months-olds.Main results were that 14-month-olds are able to prospectively control their manual actions based on object weight. In this action planning process, infants use different sources of information. Beyond this ability to prospectively control their current action, 14-month-olds also take future actions into account and plan their actions based on the difficulty of the subsequent action in action sequences. In 18-month-olds, prospective motor control in manual actions, such as reaching, is related to early executive functions, as demonstrated for behavioral prohibition and working memory. These findings are consistent with the idea that executive functions derive from prospective motor control. I suggest that executive functions could be grounded in the development of motor control. In other words, early executive functions should be seen as embodied.

Infants prospectively control reaching based on the difficulty of future actions: To what extent can infants’ multiple-step actions be explained by Fitts’ law?

“…In the current example, the value of interest is around 220 ms: peak velocity of the first movement unit. Figure adapted from Infants in Control: Prospective Motor Control and Executive Functions in Action Development (p. 54), by Gottwald, 2016. See the online article for the color version of this figure.…”

“…The authors received signed consent for the individuals’ likeness to be published in this article. Figure adapted from Infants in Control: Prospective Motor Control and Executive Functions in Action Development (p. 47), by Gottwald, 2016. See the online article for the color version of this figure.…”

“…= 19, n = 16). Figure adapted from Infants in Control: Prospective Motor Control and Executive Functions in Action Development (p. 67), by Gottwald, 2016.…”

“…The line indicates the linear relation between ID and movement duration. Figure adapted from Infants in Control: Prospective Motor Control and Executive Functions in Action Development (p. 68), by Gottwald, 2016.…”