Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review

Abstract

Livestock meat and offal contribute significantly to human nutrition as sources of high‐quality protein and micronutrients. Livestock products are increasingly in demand, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income settings where economies are growing and meat is increasingly seen as an affordable and desirable food item. Demand is also driving intensification of livestock keeping and processing. An unintended consequence of intensification is increased exposure to zoonotic agents, and a contemporary emerging problem is infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. from livestock (avian and mammalian), which can lead to disease, malabsorption and undernutrition through acute and chronic diarrhoea. This can occur at the farm, in households or through the food chain. Direct infection occurs when handling livestock and through bacteria shed into the environment, on food preparation surfaces or around the house and surroundings. This manuscript critically reviews Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in animals, examines the factors affecting colonization and faecal shedding of bacteria of these two genera as well as risk factors for human acquisition of the infection from infected animals or environment and analyses priority areas for preventive actions with a focus on resource‐poor settings.

Extracellular vesicles released by the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in the mouse intestine are enriched in a selected range of proteins that influence host cell physiology and metabolism

“…Our analysis of BEV proteins under different culture conditions highlights the ability of Bt to effectively respond to nutrient stress by changing the profile of proteins it produces and packages in its BEVS, as predicted in a prior transcriptomics based study [29]. A similar phenomenon has been described in Campylobacter jejuni, which, although considered to be a commensal bacterium in avian hosts, is pathogenic and causes bacterial gastroenteritis in humans [46]. Proteomic analysis of the C. jejuni BEVs identified numerous proteins with differential abundance under culture conditions reflecting the different body temperatures of the two hosts, with significantly higher amounts of virulence proteins associated with BEVs from cultures at 37 • C culture compared to BEVs produced at 42°C [47].…”

Antimicrobial resistance patterns and molecular resistance markers of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from human diarrheal cases

“…An estimate of 80-90% of poultry flocks are colonized mainly with C. jejuni; the rest are colonized with C. coli or, infrequently, with Campylobacter lari [3][4][5]. Although consumption of undercooked Campylobacter-contaminated poultry or mishandling of raw poultry products was documented by different studies as the most important infection sources worldwide [6,7], a different recent observational studies identified other potential sources as ruminants (cattle and sheep), dogs, cats, pigs, and the environment [6,8,9].…”

Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) Combined with Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Rapid Detection of Salmonella in Food

“…With the acceleration of economic globalization and trade liberalization, food safety has been a global public health issue prompting widespread concern [1]. Salmonella is an important food-borne pathogen causing food poisoning, which can transmit along the food production chain from farm to an retail chain, leading to severe foodborne diseases [2][3][4]. Salmonella is widespread in the natural environment, and can grow under ambient temperature conditions.…”