Infection of Calves with Bovine Norovirus GIII.1 Strain Jena Virus: an Experimental Model To Study the Pathogenesis of Norovirus Infection

Otto, Peter; Clarke, Ian N.; Lambden, Paul R.; Salim, Omar; Reetz, Jochen; Liebler-Tenorio, Elisabeth M.

doi:10.1128/jvi.05342-11

Cited by 62 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…The evidence that NoVs infect immune cells is numerous, although intestinal epithelial cells are also infected in case of bovine NoV [10]. MuNoV lytically replicates in antigen-presenting dendritic cells and macrophages in vitro [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Working Model of How Noroviruses Infect the Intestine

Karst

Wobus

2015

PLoS Pathog

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Working Model of How Noroviruses Infect the Intestine

Karst

Wobus

2015

PLoS Pathog

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“…Models utilizing these NoV-susceptible animals, along with a few species of non-human primates, have been described to study NoVs and vaccines (Bok et al, 2011;Cheetham et al, 2006Cheetham et al, , 2007Jung et al, 2012;Otto et al, 2011;Rockx et al, 2005a;Souza et al, 2007aSouza et al, , b, 2008Subekti et al, 2002;Takanashi et al, 2011;Ward et al, 2006;Wobus et al, 2006). Ideally, an animal model for human NoVs would exhibit comparable clinical signs and immune responses following NoV infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Median infectious dose of human norovirus GII.4 in gnotobiotic pigs is decreased by simvastatin treatment and increased by age

Bui

Kocher

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

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Human noroviruses (NoVs), a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, are difficult to study due to the lack of a cell-culture and a small-animal model. Pigs share with humans the types A and H histo-blood group antigens on the intestinal epithelium and have been suggested as a potential model for studies of NoV pathogenesis, immunity and vaccines. In this study, the effects of age and a cholesterol-lowering drug, simvastatin, on the susceptibility of pigs to NoV infection were evaluated. The median infectious dose (ID50) of a genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) 2006b variant was determined. The ID50 in neonatal (4–5 days of age) pigs was ≤2.74×103 viral RNA copies. In older pigs (33–34 days of age), the ID50 was 6.43×104 but decreased to <2.74×103 in simvastatin-fed older pigs. Evidence of NoV infection was obtained by increased virus load in the intestinal contents, cytopathological changes in the small intestine, including irregular microvilli, necrosis and apoptosis, and detection of viral antigen in the tip of villi in duodenum. This GII.4 variant was isolated in 2008 from a patient from whom a large volume of stool was collected. GII.4 NoVs are continuously subjected to selective pressure by human immunity, and antigenically different GII.4 NoV variants emerge every 1–2 years. The determination of the ID50 of this challenge virus is valuable for evaluation of protection against different GII.4 variants conferred by NoV vaccines in concurrence with other GII.4 variants in the gnotobiotic pig model.

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“…Calves were orally inoculated with ovine norovirus GIII.1 strain and developed severe watery diarrhea. The intestinal lesions were characterized by severe villus atrophy, together with loss and attenuation of villus epithelium (Otto et al 2011).…”

Section: Norovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric Viruses as Contaminants and Bioindicators in Environmental Samples: A Review

Fongaro¹,

Silva²,

Mahdy³

et al. 2015

VR&R

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Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and other diseases can be caused by enteric viruses transmitted by fecal-oral route. Human adenoviruses (HAdV), rotavirus A and C (RVA and RVC, respectively), hepatitis A and E virus (HAV and HEV, respectively), human astroviruses (HAstV), human noroviruses (HuNV) and enteroviruses (EV) are, among the enteric viruses, the most frequently detected in environment samples. These viruses are usually introduced into aquatic environments by human, industrial, or agricultural activities and are widely distributed all over the world. They have the common characteristics to be structurally stable and can also absorb to solid particles and biofilms, thereby protecting themselves from inactivating factors. This revision aimed to present and discuss: i) most relevant enteric viruses for human and animal health; ii) enteric viruses as contaminants and bioindicators in environmental samples; iii) molecular and cell culture methods for enteric virus detection; iv) use of enteric viruses for microbial risk assessment. Impacts of enteric viruses on environment and the potential use as bioindicators of the sanitary security, such as presence and infectivity studies were discussed as development of new tools for disinfection, monitoring, risk modeling and management, among other studies. ENTERIC VIRUSES AS CONTAMINANTS AND BIOINDICATORS IN DRINKING AND WASTEWATERAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that 663 million people worldwide still use improper drinking water sources, including unprotected wells and springs and surface water (WHO, 2015).World

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Infection of Calves with Bovine Norovirus GIII.1 Strain Jena Virus: an Experimental Model To Study the Pathogenesis of Norovirus Infection

Cited by 62 publications

References 45 publications

A Working Model of How Noroviruses Infect the Intestine

A Working Model of How Noroviruses Infect the Intestine

Median infectious dose of human norovirus GII.4 in gnotobiotic pigs is decreased by simvastatin treatment and increased by age

Enteric Viruses as Contaminants and Bioindicators in Environmental Samples: A Review

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