Infection of phytoplankton by viruses and reduction of primary productivity

Suttle, Curtis A.; Chan, Amy M.; Cottrell, Matthew T.

doi:10.1038/347467a0

Cited by 508 publications

(387 citation statements)

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“…Bacteriophages are important components of the human microbiota. They are a reservoir of diversity-generating elements (Rohwer and Thurber, 2009) and regulate both the abundance and diversity of their bacterial hosts by predation (Suttle et al, 1990;Waterbury and Valois, 1993;Rohwer, 2003;Rodriguez-Valera et al, 2009). Although the skin bacterial community has been studied by several groups (Gao et al, 2007;Costello et al, 2009;Grice et al, 2009;Kong et al, 2012;The Human Microbiome Project Consortium, 2012;Blaser et al, 2013;Fitz-Gibbon et al, 2013;Nakatsuji et al, 2013), relatively few studies have characterized the skin viral community (Foulongne et al, 2012;Ma et al, 2014;Wylie et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diversity and host interactions of Propionibacterium acnes bacteriophages on human skin

et al. 2015

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The viral population, including bacteriophages, is an important component of the human microbiota, yet is poorly understood. We aim to determine whether bacteriophages modulate the composition of the bacterial populations, thus potentially playing a role in health or disease. We investigated the diversity and host interactions of the bacteriophages of Propionibacterium acnes, a major human skin commensal implicated in acne pathogenesis. By sequencing 48 P. acnes phages isolated from acne patients and healthy individuals and by analyzing the P. acnes phage populations in healthy skin metagenomes, we revealed that P. acnes phage populations in the skin microbial community are often dominated by one strain. We also found phage strains shared among both related and unrelated individuals, suggesting that a pool of common phages exists in the human population and that transmission of phages may occur between individuals. To better understand the bacterium-phage interactions in the skin microbiota, we determined the outcomes of 74 genetically defined Propionibacterium strains challenged by 15 sequenced phages. Depending on the Propionibacterium lineage, phage infection can result in lysis, pseudolysogeny, or resistance. In type II P. acnes strains, we found that encoding matching clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat spacers is insufficient to confer phage resistance. Overall, our findings suggest that the prey-predator relationship between bacteria and phages may have a role in modulating the composition of the microbiota. Our study also suggests that the microbiome structure of an individual may be an important factor in the design of phage-based therapy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diversity and host interactions of Propionibacterium acnes bacteriophages on human skin

et al. 2015

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“…On the top is a virus-like particle morphologically similar to the cyanobacterial lysate (arrowhead) while below is an icosohedral virus-like particle. Scale bars = 50 nm Viral concentrate additions affected Lyngbya majuscula photosynthesis and the state of PSII, which indicates virus infection (Suttle et al 1990, Balanchandran et al 1997. Evidence of viral infection was decreased maximum photosynthetic rate and photoinhibition of L. majuscula in virus additions after 5 d (Fig.…”

Section: Effects Of Elevated Virus Abundance Onmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus-like particles associated with Lyngbya majuscula (Cyanophyta; Oscillatoriacea) bloom decline in Moreton Bay, Australia

Hewson¹,

O’Neil²,

Dennison³

2001

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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Expansive blooms of the toxic cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula were observed in 2 shallow water regions of Moreton Bay, Australia. The rapid bloom decline (8 to <1 km 2 in < 7 d) prompted an investigation of the role of cyanophage viruses in the ecophysiology of L. majuscula. Virus-like particles produced by decaying L. majuscula were observed using electron microscopy. The virus-like particles were similar in morphology to viruses in the genus Cyanostyloviridae. The effect of viruses on L. majuscula photosynthesis was investigated by: (1) creating a virus concentrate using tangential-flow ultrafiltration of seawater surrounding L. majuscula; (2) inoculating L. majuscula with the concentrate; and (3) measuring photosynthetic response using a pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer. Virus concentrate addition resulted in decreased initial fluorescence, decreased photochemical efficiency and decreased electron transport rate in rapid light curves after 5 d. Viruses present within L. majuscula filaments may play an important role in the bloom dynamics of this ecologically important cyanobacterium. KEY WORDS: Lyngbya majuscula · Cyanophage · Virus · LysogenyResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…Less conventional infectious processes could occur among retrotransposons; for example, the lepidopteran retrotransposon TED may be capable of expanding its host range via insertion in a baculovirus genome that shuttles it to a new host (7). "Helper" interactions may exist with other viruses and a new domain such as SURL elements may contain surprises, especially in view of evidence that viruses are abundant in sea water (30). However, up to this time no retroviruses have been identified among marine viruses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Retroviral-like element in a marine invertebrate.

Springer

Davidson

Britten

1991

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Retroviral-like elements (RL elements) include retroviruses and long terminal repeat (LTR)-containing retrotransposons. We report the presence of sea urchin RL elements (termed SURL) in eight species of sea urchins and find that these RL elements belong to several subfamilies. The complete DNA sequence of one SURL element in Tripneustes grailla is 5266 base pairs long, including 254-nucleotide-long identical long terminal repeats (LTRs) (RT), and DNA copies of transcripts are inserted into the host genome. Together, LTR-containing retrotransposons and retroviruses are conveniently termed "retroviral-like elements" (RL elements) (2).RL elements are known in a wide variety of organisms, including yeast (3-5), dipterans (6), lepidopterans (7), gymnosperms (8), angiosperms (9-11), and vertebrates, where they are recognized as retroviruses or endogenous retroviruses and sometimes as retrotransposons (12). RL elements are apparently widely distributed among echinoids. We have observed the RT gene coding region of RL elements in the DNA of all sea urchin species that we have examined, including one cidaroid (Eucidaris tribuloides) and seven euechinoids (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Strongylocentrotusfranciscanus, Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis, Tripneustes gratilla, Lytechinus pictus, Lytechinus variegatus, and Arbacia punctulata).In early work on long, interspersed, repeated DNA of sea urchins, electron micrographic examination of reassociated DNA heteroduplexes revealed elements (called cs2108) that were about 5.2 kilobases (kb) long and had an interesting family and subfamily pattern (13). The elements are now named sea urchin RL elements (SURL elements). There are -400 copies of the RT gene coding region interspersed in the genome ofS. purpuratus (13,14). Cloned elements are named as in the example SURL1-21 (Sp), where the number 1 defines the SURL subfamily, 21 is an arbitrary label for the individual clone, and the letters in parentheses are the acronym of the species from which it was derived.Earlier data (13, 14) and our recent work (unpublished data) indicate that the SURL element family consists of subfamilies. Each subfamily contains from a few to 50 members (13). The subfamilies have been distinguished by the DNA sequence divergence of a conserved segment of the RT gene coding region. Members of each subfamily have closely similar sequences (1-10% divergent), whereas this DNA sequence region of each subfamily is greatly divergent from that of other subfamilies (30-45%). Interestingly, examples of intermediate divergence (10-30%) are rare or nonexistent. The implication is that copies of the RL elements that have been inserted into the genome drift in sequence, and the observation of stop codons in required coding regions suggests that many pseudogenes or "pseudocopies" are present. A similar pattern (termed superfamily and families) has been observed for the Ta elements of Arabidopsis (10) that are similar to copia of Drosophila (15). However, these elements are less similar to retroviruses tha...

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Infection of phytoplankton by viruses and reduction of primary productivity

Cited by 508 publications

References 14 publications

The diversity and host interactions of Propionibacterium acnes bacteriophages on human skin

The diversity and host interactions of Propionibacterium acnes bacteriophages on human skin

Virus-like particles associated with Lyngbya majuscula (Cyanophyta; Oscillatoriacea) bloom decline in Moreton Bay, Australia

Retroviral-like element in a marine invertebrate.

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