Infection of sand flies by humans coinfected with Leishmania infantum and human immunodeficiency virus.

Molina, Ricardo; Lohse, J M; Pulido, Federico; Laguna, Fernando Ballester; López‐Vélez, Rogelio; Alvar, Jorge

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.51

Cited by 72 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The infectiousness of dogs, with and without symptoms, has been measured in at least 13 reported studies (Courtney O, unpublished data) with a mean infection rate of 25% (1,979 of 7,927 sandflies). 7,27,28 In contrast, only 8% (112 of 1,365) of sandflies fed on VL patients were infected, 8,18,29,30 and none of about 2,000 sandflies fed on subclinical cases or cured VL patients became infected. 18 Previous attempts to test the role of dogs focused on household dog ownership patterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Domestic dog ownership in Iran is a risk factor for human infection with Leishmania infantum.

Gavgani

Mohite²,

Edrissian³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. One explanation proposed for the widespread failure to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis by culling infected domestic dogs is that wild canids or humans play significant roles in transmission. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of domestic dogs as the reservoir hosts of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest Iran. A random sample of 3,872 children and 199 dogs in 38 villages was surveyed by the direct agglutination test. Dog ownership details among these households were collected by questionnaire. Parasites isolated from 16 patients and 12 dogs were characterized as Leishmania infantum MON-1. Average seroprevalence in dogs (21.6%) was much higher than in children (7%). Child seropositivity increased significantly with village dog density in absolute terms (P < 0.001) and in relation to dog/human ratios (P ‫ס‬ 0.028). Dog ownership within villages also was a significant risk factor for child seropositivity (P ‫ס‬ 0.003).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Domestic dog ownership in Iran is a risk factor for human infection with Leishmania infantum.

Gavgani

Mohite²,

Edrissian³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…This fact may explain the high rate of infection due to the whole spectrum of immune response to Leishmania in the canine population (4). In human beings, a strong association between the decrease in the number of CD4 ϩ T lymphocytes and the increase in the infectivity of people coinfected with L. infantum and human immunodeficiency virus to the sandflies has been reported recently (16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Leishmania infantum Infection in Dogs Living in an Area of Canine Leishmaniasis Endemicity Using PCR on Several Tissues and Serology

et al. 2001

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We studied and compared the prevalence of Leishmania infection and the seroprevalence and the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in an area where canine leishmaniasis is endemic. One hundred dogs living on the island of Mallorca (Spain) were studied. In this study, we clinically examined each dog for the presence of symptoms compatible with leishmaniasis, determined the titer of anti-Leishmania antibodies, and investigated the presence of Leishmania DNA by PCR in skin, conjunctiva, and bone marrow samples of each dog. The prevalence of the disease and the seroprevalence were 13 and 26%, respectively. In 63% of the dogs, Leishmania DNA could be detected by PCR in at least one of the tissues studied. The results of positive PCR in the bone marrow, the conjunctiva, and the skin were 17.8, 32, and 51%, respectively. The prevalence of the infection, 67%, was calculated using all animals that were seropositive and/or positive by PCR with any tissue. The results showed that the majority of dogs living in an area where canine leishmaniasis is endemic are infected by Leishmania and that the prevalence of infection is much greater than the prevalence of overt Leishmaniarelated disease.Canine leishmaniasis is a severe systemic disease of dogs caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum. Clinical manifestations of the disease include nonpruritic skin lesions, such as exfoliative dermatitis and ulcerations, local or generalized lymphadenopathy, loss of weight, poor appetite, ocular lesions, epistaxis, lameness, renal failure, and diarrhea (5,9,14,25). Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease for which dogs are considered the chief reservoir of the parasite. The disease is endemic in the Mediterranean basin, where seroprevalence ranges between 10 and 37% (10, 24). There are, however, several studies suggesting that the rate of infection is higher than the figures found by serological investigations. A survey performed using the PCR and immunoblotting techniques found that most dogs living in southern France had been exposed to Leishmania (3). These results agree with another study that found a rate of Leishmania infection of 65% for dogs living in Portugal by using serology and cell-mediated tests (4).The percentage of infected dogs living in an area where canine leishmaniasis is endemic has major public health implications. It was demonstrated that infected, but asymptomatic, dogs were sources of the parasite for phlebotomine vector sandflies and as a consequence play an active role in the transmission of Leishmania (15).The present study was designed to investigate and compare the prevalence of Leishmania infection, the seroprevalence and the prevalence of the disease in a canine population living in an area where canine leishmaniasis is endemic. One hundred dogs living on the island of Mallorca (Spain) were included in this study. Veterinarians clinically examined all dogs, and the titer of anti-Leishmania antibodies was determined. The presence of Leishmania DNA in each dog was investigated by PCR with three tissues: ...

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“…In addition to the identification of other reservoirs 9,10 , some authors have raised the possibility of humans themselves serving as a reservoir for the disease, principally in relation to leishmaniasis/HIV co-infection 11 . However, the impact of these findings on transmission of the disease in the urban context is still unknown.…”

Section: Visceral Leishmaniasis Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral leishmaniasis in large Brazilian cities: challenges for control

2008

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Infection of sand flies by humans coinfected with Leishmania infantum and human immunodeficiency virus.

Cited by 72 publications

References 9 publications

Domestic dog ownership in Iran is a risk factor for human infection with Leishmania infantum.

Domestic dog ownership in Iran is a risk factor for human infection with Leishmania infantum.

Prevalence of Leishmania infantum Infection in Dogs Living in an Area of Canine Leishmaniasis Endemicity Using PCR on Several Tissues and Serology

Visceral leishmaniasis in large Brazilian cities: challenges for control

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