Infection of the Adrenal Gland as a Route to the Central Nervous System after Viraemia with Herpes Simplex Virus in the Mouse

Hill, Terry; Yirrell, David; Blyth, W. A.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-67-2-309

Cited by 46 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…As reported previously (Hill et al, 1986) the incidence of paralysis was much higher in female mice (69~) than in male mice (21~) ( Table 1). In castrated males the incidence (75~) was comparable to that in females but treatment with testosterone decreased this to 26~, close to that in entire males.…”

Section: Short Communicationsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…The incidence and severity of paralysis in female and entire male mice in the experiments reported here are less than those reported previously (Hill et al, 1986). For instance in the previous work 100 ~o of female mice and about 30 ~ of males suffered paralysis after inoculation of 106 p.f.u.…”

Section: Short Communicationcontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…Paralysis was also less severe in affected male mice than in females (Hill et al, 1986). At its peak 5 to 6 days after inoculation, paralysis was as severe in castrated animals (whether or not they were treated with testosterone) as in females (Fig, 1 b).…”

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…inoculation have revealed the extreme susceptibility of the adrenal gland to infection (Hill et al, 1986). Moreover, infection of the gland provides a route for entry of virus into the lower thoracic spinal cord.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virus reaches the spinal cord from the adrenal gland, the site of primary replication (Hill et al, 1986). The morphological differences in the adrenal gland (for example in males the zona reticularis is smaller than in females) are cancelled out by castration; treatment with testosterone restores the gland to the state in the entire male (Deanesley & Parkes, 1937).…”

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Androgens on Paralysis in Mice Following Intravenous Inoculation of Herpes Simplex Virus

Yirrell¹,

Blyth²,

Hill³

1987

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYIn mice, intravenous inoculation of relatively avirulent strains of herpes simplex virus [e.g. P2C6, a mutant of strain CL(101), deficient in thymidine kinase] produced infection in the adrenal gland and mid-spinal cord followed by hind limb paralysis without death. Male mice were less susceptible to paralysis than female mice. Castration of male mice before inoculation increased their susceptibility to that of female animals; treatment with testosterone reversed this change. The differences in susceptibility to paralysis in the various categories of animal were not reflected in differences in growth of virus in the adrenal gland or spinal cord.Experiments on herpes simplex virus (HSV) viraemia of mice established by intravenous (i.v.) inoculation have revealed the extreme susceptibility of the adrenal gland to infection (Hill et al., 1986). Moreover, infection of the gland provides a route for entry of virus into the lower thoracic spinal cord. Such involvement of the spinal cord is associated with demyelination and hind limb paralysis. After i.v, inoculation of relatively avirulent strains of HSV the incidence of hind limb paralysis can be high, particularly in female mice, but all animals survive. However, male mice show a considerably lower incidence of this paralysis. We now report observations on the effect of male sex hormones on the incidence and severity of the paralysis and on the replication of HSV type 1 (HSV

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Section: Short Communicationsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Short Communicationcontrasting

confidence: 53%

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Influence of Androgens on Paralysis in Mice Following Intravenous Inoculation of Herpes Simplex Virus

Yirrell¹,

Blyth²,

Hill³

1987

Journal of General Virology

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Transneuronal transfer of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1) from mixed limb nerves to the CNS. I. Sequence of transfer from sensory, motor, and sympathetic nerve fibres to the spinal cord

Ugolini

1992

J of Comparative Neurology

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The time course of transneuronal transfer of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1) from sensory, motor, and sympathetic nerve fibres to connected spinal neurones was examined. After injection of a constant number of infectious units into distal forelimb or hindlimb nerves of inbred rats of the same age, the extent of viral transfer was strictly dependent on the survival time postinoculation (p.i.). Retrograde transport to somatic motoneurones occurred at 28-29 hours p.i. (stage 1), in synchrony with anterograde transneuronal transfer via small cutaneous afferents (to laminae I-II). At 36-43 hours p.i. (stage 2), retrograde transneuronal transfer from sympathetic nerve fibres first labelled sympathetic preganglionic neurones. At 48-51 hours p.i. (stage 3), transfer via sensory and sympathetic axons became more extensive, labelling laminae III-IV and other preganglionic neurones. Transneuronal transfer from large muscle afferents and motoneurones (to Clarke's columns and the spinal intermediate zone) occurred only at 66-78 hours p.i. (stage 4). Further increases in distribution (stages 5-6) obtained between 78 and 97 hours p.i. may reflect both specific labelling of second and third order neurones and a gradual local loss of specificity. These results indicate that transfer of HSV 1 occurs through all main classes of peripheral axons, but that both anterograde and retrograde transneuronal transfer from small (unmyelinated and fine myelinated) cutaneous and sympathetic axons precedes transfer from large (myelinated) cutaneous and muscle afferents and motor axons. Analysis of viral transfer at sequential intervals is required to distinguish serially connected neurones, determine the route of labelling, and ensure its specificity.

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Pathogenic potentials of glycoprotein C-negative syncytial mutants from rabbit T cells infected persistently with herpes simplex virus type 1

et al. 2005

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Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-transformed T cells of rabbits were infected persistently with Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain KOS. These infected cells yielded syncytial mutants, either glycoprotein C (gC)-negative or -positive, which predominated over and replaced the wild-type virus in a long-term culture for 2 years. An alignment of nucleotide sequences showed multiple mutations in glycoprotein B (gB) and gC genes of these mutants, which are or may be responsible for the mutant phenotypes. One of four mutants analyzed produced extensively large syncytia and possessed point mutations within the cytoplasmic domain of gB. All four mutants possessed multiple point mutations in gC and two possessed single insertions which resulted in a frame shift, leading to the premature termination of the gC polypeptide chain. The supernatant of the 2-year culture of cells infected persistently, containing only gC-negative syncytial mutants, induced encephalitic symptoms in B/Jas inbred rabbits, when injected intravenously. One gC-negative syncytial isolate from an encephalitic lesion, together with those from the culture supernatant, were examined for pathogenic potential in vitro and in vivo. All these mutants were more cytotoxic and more susceptible to complement inactivation than the parental virus, and could infect and replicate in adrenal glands when injected intravenously into rabbits. Invasion into the central nervous system appeared to be blocked at the portal of entry, the adrenal gland, i.e., none exhibited neuroinvasive potential by itself. Syncytial gC-negative mutants could thus be pathogenic in rabbits.

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Infection of the Adrenal Gland as a Route to the Central Nervous System after Viraemia with Herpes Simplex Virus in the Mouse

Cited by 46 publications

References 26 publications

The Influence of Androgens on Paralysis in Mice Following Intravenous Inoculation of Herpes Simplex Virus

The Influence of Androgens on Paralysis in Mice Following Intravenous Inoculation of Herpes Simplex Virus

Transneuronal transfer of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1) from mixed limb nerves to the CNS. I. Sequence of transfer from sensory, motor, and sympathetic nerve fibres to the spinal cord

Pathogenic potentials of glycoprotein C-negative syncytial mutants from rabbit T cells infected persistently with herpes simplex virus type 1

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