Infection

Abstract

Summary Musculoskeletal infection is a clinical problem with significant direct healthcare costs. The prevalence of infection after closed, elective surgery is frequently estimated to be less than 2%, but in severe injuries, posttraumatic infection rates have been reported as 10% or greater. Although clinical infections are found outside the realm of medical devices, it is clear that the enormous increase of infections associated with the use of implants presents a major challenge worldwide. This review summarizes recent advances in the under-standing, diagnosis, and treatment of musculoskeletal infections.

Risk of surgical site infection in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery

“…The presence of an implant is acknowledged for its ability to enhance an infection and develop immune system resistance to microbial agents. Also, the type of material used to make the prosthesis and its design can determine the bacterial colonization of its surfaces (21) .…”

Titanium dioxide nanotubes/calcium silicate composite coatings prepared by alternative loop immersion method

“…The FTIR spectrum also shows the presence of stretching vibrations of Si-O bonds at 1085 cm −1 [27]. Moreover, the characteristic band for the CO 3 2− group occurs in the spectrum at 1481 cm −1 , which is due to the exposure of the samples to air leading to the incorporation of CO 2 [28]. The broad band at 3424 cm −1 is attributed to the stretching vibrations of O-H groups in H 2 O or hydroxyl groups on the surface of TNT arrays with a wide range of hydrogen bond strengths.…”

“…However, Ti-based orthopedic implants have certain drawbacks and complications such as inducing local inflammation, bacterial infection, bone destruction, and impaired bone healing [2,3]. Extensive research efforts have been devoted for the modification of Ti surfaces by utilizing various types of coatings and chemical modification to improve bone integration of Ti-based implants [4].…”

Candida–Bacteria Interactions: Their Impact on Human Disease

“…Removal of the infected device is generally needed to establish cure of Candida infections of medical devices. The mainstay for the resolution of biofilm-associated infections continues to be the removal of the nidus of infection (e.g., indwelling medical device, devitalized tissue, periodontal scaling, and/ or debridement) (14,(177)(178)(179)(180)(181)(182)(183)(184)(185)(186)(187)(188). There are a number of other biofilm resolution strategies: small molecules that interfere with either bacterial and fungal quorum sensing systems, signaling pathways that control biofilm formation and maintenance, or unique nutrient requirements by biofilm microorganisms to maintain localized pH and redox conditions.…”