Infection with Aleutian disease virus-like virus in a captive striped skunk

Allender, Matthew C.; Schumacher, Juergen; Thomas, Kathy V.; McCain, Stephanie; Ramsay, Edward C.; James, Evan W.; Wise, Annabel G.; Maes, Roger K.; Reel, Danielle

doi:10.2460/javma.232.5.742

Cited by 22 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Reports describing pathologic findings in skunks with AD are limited to 3 cases diagnosed in captive/pet individuals in Tennessee, Georgia, and Ohio. 2,8 All referenced cases described multisystemic plasmacytic and lymphocytic inflammation, as seen in the present cases. Encephalomalacia associated with cerebral microangiopathy has not been previously described in skunks with AD.…”

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confidence: 67%

“…Splenomegaly, renal pallor, and peritoneal effusion have been described in captive skunks with AD and were observed in the present cases; these features may increase the pathologist's index of suspicion for AD at necropsy. 2,8 Inclusion bodies have been described in type II pneumocytes of mink experimentally inoculated with ADV, but viral inclusions have not been described in other tissues in AD. 1 Inclusions were identified in only 1 case in this series and were not confirmed to be viral by transmission electron microscopy.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…6 ADV infection in mink causes infiltration of plasma cells in multiple tissues, hypergammaglobulinemia, glomerulonephritis, arteritis, splenomegaly, hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, and death. 6,9 Despite documented ADV infection and disease in captive striped skunks, 2,8 as well as serologic evidence of infection with a related virus in wild striped skunks, 3 little is known about the pathogenicity of the virus in skunks or the relevance of infection in free-ranging animals. 9 This study describes lesions in 7 free-ranging striped skunks with AD and their temporospatial distribution.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Aleutian Disease

et al. 2014

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Aleutian disease virus (ADV, Amdovirus, Parvoviridae) primarily infects farmed mustelids (mink and ferrets) but also other fur-bearing animals and humans. Three Aleutian disease (AD) cases have been described in captive striped skunks; however, little is known about the relevance of AD in free-ranging carnivores. This work describes the pathological findings and temporospatial distribution in 7 cases of AD in free-ranging striped skunks. All cases showed neurologic disease and were found in a 46-month period (2010-2013) within a localized geographical region in California. Lesions included multisystemic plasmacytic and lymphocytic inflammation (ie, interstitial nephritis, myocarditis, hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, pneumonia, and splenitis), glomerulonephritis, arteritis with or without fibrinoid necrosis in several organs (ie, kidney, heart, brain, and spleen), splenomegaly, ascites/hydrothorax, and/or encephalomalacia with cerebral microangiopathy. ADV infection was confirmed in all cases by specific polymerase chain reaction and/or in situ hybridization. The results suggest that AD is an emerging disease in free-ranging striped skunks in California.

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Aleutian Disease

et al. 2014

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“…The limited published information suggests that antibody titer in wildlife is generally lower than that in the American mink [12,19,21,30], resulting in a lower sensitivity of the CIEP test in nonmink species. Differences within and among wildlife for the kinetics of antibody production and viral replication, as well as differences in the sequence of AMDV and viral sequestration have caused discrepancies between the results of PCR and CIEP tests in free-ranging American mink [7], skunks [10,12] and raccoons [12]. A combination of PCR and CIEP would improve the likelihood of detecting exposure of wildlife to AMDV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of natural infection with or exposure to AMDV in a few members of the Mustelidae family (e.g., European mink, ferrets, polecats, stone martens, pine martens, Eurasian otters), and other carnivores (striped skunks, common genets, raccoons, foxes) has also been reported [6,8,[10][11][12][13][14]. Information on the prevalence of AMDV in wildlife in Eastern Canada is limited to one report on the feral American mink [3].…”

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confidence: 99%

Aleutian mink disease virus in furbearing mammals in Nova Scotia, Canada

Farid¹

2012

Proceedings of the XTH International Scientific Congress in Fur Animal Production

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Background: Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is widespread among ranched and free-ranging American mink in Canada, but there is no information on its prevalence in other wild animal species. This paper describes the prevalence of AMDV of 12 furbearing species in Nova Scotia (NS), Canada. Methods: Samples were collected from carcasses of 462 wild animals of 12 furbearing species, trapped in 10 NS counties between November 2009 and February 2011. Viral DNA was tested by PCR using two primer pairs, and anti-viral antibodies were tested by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) on spleen homogenates. Results: Positive PCR or CIEP samples were detected in 56 of 60 (93.3%) American mink, 43 of 61 (70.5%) short-tailed weasels, 2 of 8 (25.0%) striped skunks, 2 of 11 (18.2%) North American river otters, 9 of 85 (10.6%) raccoons, and 2 of 20 (10.0%) bobcats. Samples from six fishers, 24 coyotes, 25 red foxes, 58 beavers, 45 red-squirrels and 59 muskrats were negative. Antibodies to AMDV were detected by CIEP in 16 of 56 (28.6%) mink and one of the 8 skunks (12.5%). Thirteen of the mink were positive for PCR and CIEP, but three mink and one skunk were CIEP positive and PCR negative. Positive CIEP or PCR animals were present in all nine counties from which mink or weasel samples were collected. Conclusions:The presence of AMDV in so many species across the province has important epidemiological ramifications and could pose a serious health problem for the captive mink, as well as for susceptible wildlife. The mechanism of virus transmission between wildlife and captive mink and the effects of AMDV exposure on the viability of the susceptible species deserve further investigation.

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Viral Diseases of Ferrets

Kiupel¹,

Perpiñán²

2014

Biology and Diseases of the Ferret

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Infection with Aleutian disease virus-like virus in a captive striped skunk

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Aleutian Disease

Aleutian Disease

Aleutian mink disease virus in furbearing mammals in Nova Scotia, Canada

Viral Diseases of Ferrets

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