Infection with human retroviruses other than HIV-1: HIV-2, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4

Nicolás, David; Ambrosioni, Juan; Paredes, Roger; Marcos, M.Á.; Manzardo, Christian; Moreno, Asunción; Miró, José M.

doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.1056157

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses currently considers this virus as a divergent PTLV-1. HTLV-1 is highly endemic in certain geographic regions ( Nicolas et al 2015 ) and has infected between 10 and 20 million people worldwide ( Gessain and Cassar 2012 ). HTLV-2 is less widespread, but has been identified in pygmy populations in Central Africa as well Amerindian tribes in North and South America, and also circulates among intravenous drug users in the USA and Europe ( Gessain et al 1995 ; Salemi et al 1999 ; Mauclere et al 2011 ; Alcantara et al 2003 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of STLV-2 and interspecies transmission of STLV-3 in wild-living bonobos

et al. 2016

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There are currently four known primate T-cell lymphotropic virus groups (PTLV1-4), each of which comprises closely related simian (STLV) and human (HTLV) viruses. For PTLV-1 and PTLV-3, simian and human viruses are interspersed, suggesting multiple cross-species transmission events; however, for PTLV-2 this is not so clear because HTLV-2 and STLV-2 strains from captive bonobos (Pan paniscus) form two distinct clades. To determine to what extent bonobos are naturally infected with STLV, we screened fecal samples (n = 633) from wild-living bonobos (n = 312) at six different sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for the presence of STLV nucleic acids. STLV infection was detected in 8 of 312 bonobos at four of six field sites, suggesting an overall prevalence of 2.6% (ranging from 0 to 8%). Six samples contained STLV-2, while the two others contained STLV-3, as determined by phylogenetic analysis of partial tax and Long Terminal Repeats (LTR) sequences. The new STLV-2 sequences were highly diverse, but grouped with previously identified STLV-2 strains as a sister clade to HTLV-2. In contrast, the new STLV-3 sequences did not cluster together, but were more closely related to STLVs from sympatric monkey species. These results show for the first time that fecal samples can be used to detect STLV infection in apes. These results also show that wild-living bonobos are endemically infected with STLV-2, but have acquired STLV-3 on at least two occasions most likely by cross-species transmission from monkey species on which they prey. Future studies of bonobos and other non-human primate species in Central Africa are needed to identify the simian precursor of HTLV-2 in humans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of STLV-2 and interspecies transmission of STLV-3 in wild-living bonobos

et al. 2016

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“…In Central and Western Europe, the prevalence of HTLV-1, as well as HTLV-2, has been shown to be less than 0.1% among pregnant women and 0.005% among blood donors (20, 21). The prevalence of HTLV-1 is slightly higher in countries with high immigration from HTLV-1 endemic regions (mainly Portugal, Spain, France, UK) (22). In addition, higher frequencies of HTLV-2 have been described among PWID (around 3%) in Sweden (23), (around 10%) in Spain and Italy (12–14), and among HIV+ PWID (14.6%) in Ireland (15).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe

Jõgeda

Avi

Pauskar

et al. 2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Background In Europe, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 2 mainly occurs among persons who inject drugs (PWID) with prevalence up to 15% and HTLV-1 among general population with prevalence less than 1%. However, there is no data regarding the prevalence of HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 in Eastern European PWID population where HIV prevalence is relatively high. We aimed to determine the prevalence and genotypes of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 among PWID and healthy volunteers in Estonia. Methods The study included 345 PWID and 138 healthy volunteers. The presence of HTLV- 1/HTLV-2 was determined by nested PCR; positive and negative controls were used in every PCR run. Results The analysed PWID resembled the PWID of HIV epidemic in Estonia: mainly male (79%) with median age of 30 years (interquartile range [IQR] 25–34), and prolonged duration of intravenous drug usage (11 years; IQR 7–14). The prevalence exposure to blood-borne viral infections was high – 50% were HIV positive, 88% hepatitis C positive, 67% hepatitis B positive. Of PWID, 64% reported receptive needle sharing in the past and 18% at least once a month during last six months. None of the PWID carried HTLV-1 but there was a case of HTLV-2 (prevalence 0.3 %; 95% CI 0.1–1.6). All healthy volunteers were HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 PCR negative. Conclusion This is the first study investigating the prevalence of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 among high risk population and healthy volunteers in Eastern European region. Our results suggest that despite other widely spread blood-borne infections (e.g. HIV, HBV, HCV) HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are rare among PWID in Estonia.

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“…A second retrovirus designated HIV-2 was first isolated from Portuguese patients in 1986, but it is most common in West African countries and to a lesser extent in locations in Western Europe and elsewhere that migration from West Africa occurred (Nyamweya, 2013& Nicolás, 2015. HIV-2 is believed to have been present in Africa as early as the 1940's.…”

Section: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Subtypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, attitude, practices and their associated factors towards HIV/AIDS among residents of Benadir Region, Somalia

Dahie

Heyle²

2019

ASSRJ

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Background: HIV/AIDS is a global challenge that has threatened the very existence of the human race. There were approximately 36.7 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2016 of whom an estimated 1.8 million individuals worldwide became newly infected with in the year 2016. From the onset of the epidemic 76.1 million had become infected, and 35.0 million had died. Of the 36.7 million living with HIV, 19.5 million were accessing anti-retroviral therapy. The African population represents almost 70% of total HIV cases worldwide where the majority is young Africans aged 15-24. Furthermore, Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, with an estimated 25.6 million people living with HIV of which about 66% of new infection occurred in Sub-Sahara in 2015 (UNAIDS, 2016). Although, Somalia is believed to be currently a low human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalent country. However, the risk factors are widespread and the number of at-risk population is also rising, which warrants special policy attention. Objective of the study: The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, practices, and its associated factors towards HIV/AIDS among residents of Benadir Region, Somalia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 st April to 31 st September, 2018 among 585 community members of Benadir Region. Data was collected using pretested structured face-to-face interview after taking informed written consent. Two-stage cluster sampling and systematic random sampling were used to select the districts and the households respectively. Result: Five hundred and eighty-five (585) respondents participated and gave a response rate of 96.7%. Of the 585 respondents, 309 (52.8%) were females while 276 (47.2%) were males. The respondents aged between 14-78 years. It was found out that 70% of the participants were knowledgeable, 50.8% and 26.3% had favourable attitude and good practice respectively. With regard to education level, being able to read & write, 7 times (AOR=7.33, CL= 3.74, 14.34), grade 1-4, 5 times (AOR=4.71,CL= 2.82, 7.88), grade 5-8 3 times (AOR=3.43, CL=1.42, 8.29) and college & above, 2 times (AOR=1.93, CL=1.17, 3.20) were more likely to have HIV/AIDS knowledge as compared to those who were illiterate. Being a male was 0.66 times (AOR=0.66, CL=0.48, 0.91) less likely to have a favourable attitude towards HIV/AIDS compared to females. Similarly, belonging to 35-44 age group was 4 times (AOR=3.57, CL=1.30, 9.83) more likely to have favourable attitude. Having family income of 100-300 USD was 2 times (AOR=2.20, CL=1.04, 4.62), having monthly income 301-500 USD was 3 times (AOR=3.06, CL= 1.53, 6.13) more likely to have a favourable attitude towards HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Concerning participants' Knowledgeability, 70% of the participants were knowledgeable, 50.8% and 26.3% had favourable attitude and good practice respectively. This shows that there is considerable limited knowledge, attitude and practices. Gender, age, marital status, level of education, o...

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Infection with human retroviruses other than HIV-1: HIV-2, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4

Cited by 29 publications

References 123 publications

Genetic diversity of STLV-2 and interspecies transmission of STLV-3 in wild-living bonobos

Genetic diversity of STLV-2 and interspecies transmission of STLV-3 in wild-living bonobos

Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe

Knowledge, attitude, practices and their associated factors towards HIV/AIDS among residents of Benadir Region, Somalia

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