Infections among Contacts of Patients with Nipah Virus, India

Kumar, C. P. Girish; Sugunan, A P; Yadav, Pragya D; Kurup, Karishma Krishna; Aarathee, Renjith; Ponnaiah, Manickam; Bhatnagar, Tarun; Radhakrishnan, Chandni; Thomas, Beena; Kumar, Amar; Jayasree, Jayasree; Philomina, Bina; Kumar, K G Sajeeth; Thulaseedharan, N K; Gupta, Nivedita; Rajendran, R.; Saritha, R.L.; Mourya, Devendra T.; Gangakhedkar, Raman; Murhekar, Manoj

doi:10.3201/eid2505.181352

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Phenotypic variation in NiV could influence human outbreak patterns by altering transmission to, or pathogenesis in, humans and the likelihood of smaller outbreaks being identified or reported ( 92 ). Human-to-human NiV transmission via contact with respiratory and other secretions has been regularly observed in Bangladesh and India, including the recent 2018 outbreak in Kerala ( 14 , 68 , 93 ), whereas transmission among people was not a common feature of the Malaysia outbreak, despite close contact between cases and health care providers ( 94 , 95 ). NiV cases in Bangladesh have shown more strain diversity than in the Malaysia outbreak, which could be due to greater virus diversity in P. medius ( 96 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Epstein

Anthony

Islam

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

168

173

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Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes near-annual outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in South Asia—one of the most populous regions on Earth. In Bangladesh, infection occurs when people drink date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta. Outbreaks are sporadic, and the influence of viral dynamics in bats on their temporal and spatial distribution is poorly understood. We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, Pteropus medius bats, in Bangladesh. We found that NiV transmission occurred throughout the country and throughout the year. Model results indicated that local transmission dynamics were modulated by density-dependent transmission, acquired immunity that is lost over time, and recrudescence. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to bat-population turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity. Individual bats had smaller host ranges than other Pteropus species (spp.), although movement data and the discovery of a Malaysia-clade NiV strain in eastern Bangladesh suggest connectivity with bats east of Bangladesh. These data suggest that discrete multiannual local epizootics in bat populations contribute to the sporadic nature of NiV outbreaks in South Asia. At the same time, the broad spatial and temporal extent of NiV transmission, including the recent outbreak in Kerala, India, highlights the continued risk of spillover to humans wherever they may interact with pteropid bats and the importance of limiting opportunities for spillover throughout Pteropus’s range.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Epstein

Anthony

Islam

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

168

173

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“…In anticipation that COVID-19 cases might be linked to the exposure to a live wild animal market, the Chinese Government has banned wild animal business on January 21, 2020 19 . These spillover events further highlight the importance of adopting the One Health framework in approaching the pre-emption and prevention of novel and emerging dangerous pathogens 105 106 .HCWs are always exposed to an elevated risk of exposure to infectious diseases and may contribute to the morbidity and mortality, as seen in previous outbreaks of Nipah and Ebola Virus Disease 107 108 109 110 111 . Transmission of infection from asymptomatic patients has been a major concern as exemplified in the incident where a patient undergoing surgery infected 14 HCWs before the onset of fever 112 .…”

Section: Who At the Core Of Global Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic

Chatterjee

Nagi

Agarwal

et al. 2020

Indian Journal of Medical Research

Self Cite

235

179

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A novel coronavirus (nCoV) spillover event, with its epicenter in Wuhan, People's Republic of China, has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. This began as an outbreak in December 2019, and till February 28, 2020, there have been 83,704 confirmed cases of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally, with 2,859 deaths, resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 3.41 per cent (95% confidence interval 3.29-3.54%). By this time (February 28, 2020) 58 countries or territories and one international conveyance (Diamond Princess Cruise Ship) were affected. As a part of the global response to manage and contain the pandemic, major emphasis was placed on generating research intelligence to guide evidence-based responses to contain the virus, which was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), owing to its genetic similarities with the SARS virus. This review summarizes the emerging evidence which can help guide the public health response, particularly in India. Key areas have been identified in which research needs to be conducted to generate critical intelligence for advising prevention and control efforts. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has once again exposed the weaknesses of global health systems preparedness, ability to respond to an infectious threat, the rapidity of transmission of infections across international borders and the ineffectiveness of knee-jerk policy responses to emerging/re-emerging infectious disease threats. The review concludes with the key learning points from the ongoing efforts to prevent and contain COVID-19 and identifies the need to invest in health systems, community-led response mechanisms and the need for preparedness and global health security.

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“…However, the following 10 steps are invariably used by the different agencies: (1) prepare for field work, (2) establish the existence of an outbreak, (3) verify the diagnosis, (4) define and identify cases, (5) perform a descriptive epidemiology study, (6) develop hypotheses, (7) evaluate/perform additional studies as necessary, (8) implement control and prevention measures, (9) communicate findings, and (10) follow-up recommendations (for more details: https://www.nhp.gov .in/outbreak-investigation_pgconsulted31/08/2020). Another example of outbreak investigation methodology from the ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology (NIE) is presented elsewhere (Kurup et al 2019).…”

Section: Investigation Of Outbreaksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…India has been facing a large number of EID outbreaks and alerts all over the territory each year and its response The completion of all steps of the methodology is lowly achieved. A study by Kurup et al reported that only 16% of reports from different investigating agencies consistently followed all the 10 steps to investigate outbreak (Kurup et al 2019).…”

Section: Strengths Of India To Achieve the Who Roadmapmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Emerging Infectious Diseases Prioritized Under the 2018 WHO Research and Development Blueprint: Lessons from the Indian Context

Kojom

Singh

2021

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Objective: This review describes the current scenario of a priority group of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) listed by World Health Organization (WHO), and their main determinants and drivers for the emergence/spread of the diseases. The gaps and strategies developed by India to meet the WHO guidelines on the effective control of epidemic-prone diseases and outbreaks are also presented in the review. Methods: Epidemiologic information of EIDs, namely Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Ebola and Marburg viruses (EboV and MarV), Zika virus (ZIKAV), Rift Valley fever (RVF), Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Nipah and Hendra virus (NiV and HeV), and Lassa fever virus (LASV), was drawn from international and national electronic databases to assess the situation. A brief view on the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India is also included. Results: There are no reports for human infection of EboV, MarV, RVF, and LASV in India. CCHF, SARS, ZIKAV, and NiV have been involved in outbreaks in eight states of India, while COVID-19 is currently reported from majority of states. India has deeply strengthened its surveillance and response system of outbreaks and epidemic-prone diseases. Conclusions: Despite its enormous improvements made in the anticipation of such threats, still more efforts are needed in sensitization of populations as well as hospital management in the context to EIDs, as addressed in the review. Furthermore, there is still a need for more research and development activities to efficiently control EIDs.

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Infections among Contacts of Patients with Nipah Virus, India

Cited by 27 publications

References 13 publications

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic

A Review on Emerging Infectious Diseases Prioritized Under the 2018 WHO Research and Development Blueprint: Lessons from the Indian Context

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