Infections and infestations of the gastrointestinal tract. Part 2: Parasitic and other infections

Sinha, Rakesh; Arora, Rajesh; Rawat, Sudarshan; Rajiah, Prabhakar; Ramachandran, I.

doi:10.1016/j.crad.2011.10.022

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…How this transition from bacterial predation to the parasitism we see in trypanosomatids today first occurred has been the source of contentious debate for almost a century, but with the discovery of Paratrypanosoma confusum as the earliest known basal branching monoxenous (one-host) trypanosomatid, it has become apparent that the initial transition to a parasitic lifestyle first began in arthropods and that dixenous parasitism likely arose independently on several occasions ( Figure 2 adapted from Skalicky et al 2017 ; Flegontov et al, 2013 ; Lukes et al, 2018 ; Simpson et al, 2002 ; Skalicky et al, 2017 ; Stevens, 2008 ). The colonization of the insect intestinal tract, it seems, proved advantageous as numerous examples of previously free-living organisms (including apicomplexans) are known to have taken up residence in the relatively stable ecological niche of the metazoan intestine ( Harp, 2003 ; Sinha et al, 2012 ). It is in the arthropod intestine where these parasites presumably first perfected the fecal/oral route of transmission which, even today, is the dominant mode of monoxenous trypanosomatid dissemination.…”

Section: Where Did the Spc Come From? Kinetoplastids From Predators T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Protozoan phagotrophy from predators to parasites: An overview of the enigmatic cytostome‐cytopharynx complex of Trypanosoma cruzi

Etheridge

2022

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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Eating is fundamental and from this basic principle, living organisms have evolved innumerable strategies to capture energy and nutrients from their environment. As part of the world's aquatic ecosystems, the expansive family of heterotrophic protozoans uses self‐generated currents to funnel prokaryotic prey into an ancient, yet highly enigmatic, oral apparatus known as the cytostome‐cytopharynx complex prior to digestion. Despite its near ubiquitous presence in protozoans, little is known mechanistically about how this feeding organelle functions. Intriguingly, one class of these flagellated phagotrophic predators known as the kinetoplastids gave rise to a lineage of obligate parasitic protozoa, the trypanosomatids, that can infect a wide variety of organisms ranging from plants to humans. One parasitic species of humans, Trypanosoma cruzi, has retained this ancestral organelle much like its free‐living relatives and continues to use it as its primary mode of endocytosis. In this review, we will highlight foundational observations made regarding the cytostome‐cytopharynx complex and examine some of the most pressing questions regarding the mechanistic basis for its function. We propose that T. cruzi has the potential to serve as an excellent model system to dissect the enigmatic process of protozoal phagotrophy and thus enhance our overall understanding of fundamental eukaryotic biology.

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Section: Where Did the Spc Come From? Kinetoplastids From Predators T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Protozoan phagotrophy from predators to parasites: An overview of the enigmatic cytostome‐cytopharynx complex of Trypanosoma cruzi

Etheridge

2022

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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“…Infective stages (cysts) are excreted in the faeces from infected hosts into the environment. Following ingestion by a susceptible host, cysts enter the small intestine, where they excyst by the action of gastric acids and pancreatic enzymes ; the emerging trophozoites consume bile salts, causing deconjugation (Sinha et al, 2012). Each cyst produces two motile trophozoites, which are 12e15 mm long and 5e9 mm wide (Adam, 1991).…”

Section: Giardiamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Perspective on Cryptosporidium and Giardia, with an Emphasis on Bovines and Recent Epidemiological Findings

Abeywardena

Jex

Gasser

2015

Advances in Parasitology

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Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two common aetiological agents of infectious enteritis in humans and animals worldwide. These parasitic protists are usually transmitted by the faecal-oral route, following the ingestion of infective stages (oocysts or cysts). An essential component of the control of these parasitic infections, from a public health perspective, is an understanding of the sources and routes of transmission in different geographical regions. Bovines are considered potential sources of infection for humans, because species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infecting humans have also been isolated from cattle in molecular parasitological studies. However, species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia of bovids, and the extent of zoonotic transmission in different geographical regions in the world, are still relatively poorly understood. The purpose of this article is to (1) provide a brief background on Cryptosporidium and Giardia, (2) review some key aspects of the molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in animals, with an emphasis on bovines, (3) summarize research of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from cattle and water buffaloes in parts of Australasia and Sri Lanka, considering public health aspects and (4) provide a perspective on future avenues of study. Recent studies reinforce that bovines harbour Cryptosporidium and Giardia that likely pose a human health risk and highlight the need for future investigations of the biology, population genetics and transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in cattle, water buffaloes and other ruminants in different geographical regions, the fate and transport of infective stages following their release into the environment, as well as for improved strategies for the control and prevention of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, guided by molecular epidemiological studies.

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“…GI parasites are of two main types; protozoans and helminths (Sinha et al 2012). Protozoans, in developed countries, are more likely the cause of a gastrointestinal infection when compared to helminths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of parasitic infections of the gastro-intestinal tract in developed countries affecting immunocompromised individuals

Siddiqui

2017

J Parasit Dis

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In both developed and developing countries, parasitic infections continue to be a frequent cause of mortality and morbidity. Due to the globalization of the world, doctors must be fully prepared to deal with a plethora of parasitic infections. More commonly the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is infected and in developed countries protozoans are more likely to be the cause of infection compared to helminths. These GI protozoa are progressively becoming recognized as important pathogens in patients that are immunocompromised. The number of immunocompromised patients is increasing and therefore the likelihood of similar infections will also increase. This paper aims to highlight the key GI parasites affecting immunocompromised individuals in developed countries, discussing diagnosis, treatment options and also prevention. may be the most common GI parasite found in the immunocompromised host closely followed by Cyclospora, however, is the most common GI parasite found in developed countries. The pathogenesis of parasitic infection is not clear, poorly understood and diagnostic testing remains difficult with management continuing to be a challenge.

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Infections and infestations of the gastrointestinal tract. Part 2: Parasitic and other infections

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Protozoan phagotrophy from predators to parasites: An overview of the enigmatic cytostome‐cytopharynx complex of Trypanosoma cruzi

Protozoan phagotrophy from predators to parasites: An overview of the enigmatic cytostome‐cytopharynx complex of Trypanosoma cruzi

A Perspective on Cryptosporidium and Giardia, with an Emphasis on Bovines and Recent Epidemiological Findings

An overview of parasitic infections of the gastro-intestinal tract in developed countries affecting immunocompromised individuals

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