Infections and vaccines in the etiology of antiphospholipid syndrome

Abstract

Accumulated evidence supports that the presence of anti-β2-GPI antibodies is associated with a history of infections and the main mechanism to explain this correlation is molecular mimicry. The relationship between tetanus toxoid vaccination and APS reveals a novel view on the autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA).

Pandemic influenza immunization in primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS): a trigger to thrombosis and autoantibody production?

“…15 Vaccination with a foreign protein injection may also induce B-cell hyperactivity with potential stimulation of pathogenic autoantibodies. 14 Pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccination has been associated with aPL autoantibodies production in SLE patients.…”

Association of Early Kidney Allograft Failure with Preformed IgA Antibodies to β 2-Glycoprotein I

“…Some infections have been considered to trigger an immune response, with a bias toward the production of antibodies by molecular mimicry between pathogens and B2GPI epitopes. 48,49 Proposed models of hapten carriers complexes generated by B2GPI interaction with dialysis membranes 24 could be discarded, because the prevalence of IgA aB2GPI antibodies in patients with CKD undergoing peritoneal dialysis or not dialyzed is similar to the observed prevalence in patients on hemodialysis. 50 Other hypotheses, such as the production of misfolded B2GPI in the diseased kidney associated with molecular mimicry in the context of mucosal infections, should be studied.…”

Anti-phospholipid Antibodies and Smoking: An Overview

“…Several studies have proposed an infectious etiology of APS based upon molecular mimicry [81][82][83]. A role for vaccines in the generation of APS has been proposed [84], and recently, a microbiotic model for the genesis of APS has been presented [85].…”