Infections, antibiotic treatment and the Microbiome in relation to schizophrenia

Klein-Petersen, Amalie Wandel; Köhler‐Forsberg, Ole; Benros, Michael E.

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.033

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Critically, the functional potential of different bacteria is increasingly understood [29,30], meaning that identification of key taxa that are differentially abundant in people with mental disorders and that influence these commonly dysregulated systems is an imperative. Such identification may afford opportunities for both understanding aetiology and identifying clinically useful biomarkers, as well as new targeted treatment strategies, including dietary changes [31][32][33][34][35], antibiotics [36][37][38][39][40][41][42], probiotic supplements [43][44][45][46][47][48][49] and even faecal microbial transplants [50][51][52].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

et al. 2022

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The emerging understanding of gut microbiota as ‘metabolic machinery’ influencing many aspects of physiology has gained substantial attention in the field of psychiatry. This is largely due to the many overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms associated with both the potential functionality of the gut microbiota and the biological mechanisms thought to be underpinning mental disorders. In this systematic review, we synthesised the current literature investigating differences in gut microbiota composition in people with the major psychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ), compared to ‘healthy’ controls. We also explored gut microbiota composition across disorders in an attempt to elucidate potential commonalities in the microbial signatures associated with these mental disorders. Following the PRISMA guidelines, databases were searched from inception through to December 2021. We identified 44 studies (including a total of 2510 psychiatric cases and 2407 controls) that met inclusion criteria, of which 24 investigated gut microbiota composition in MDD, seven investigated gut microbiota composition in BD, and 15 investigated gut microbiota composition in SZ. Our syntheses provide no strong evidence for a difference in the number or distribution (α-diversity) of bacteria in those with a mental disorder compared to controls. However, studies were relatively consistent in reporting differences in overall community composition (β-diversity) in people with and without mental disorders. Our syntheses also identified specific bacterial taxa commonly associated with mental disorders, including lower levels of bacterial genera that produce short-chain fatty acids (e.g. butyrate), higher levels of lactic acid-producing bacteria, and higher levels of bacteria associated with glutamate and GABA metabolism. We also observed substantial heterogeneity across studies with regards to methodologies and reporting. Further prospective and experimental research using new tools and robust guidelines hold promise for improving our understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in mental and brain health and the development of interventions based on modification of gut microbiota.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

et al. 2022

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“…A similar observation is the association between UTI and acute psychosis seen among geriatric patients [22]. Another relationship between infection and psychosis is marked by the increased risk of psychosis in an offspring whose mother experienced Genito-urinary infections or maternal fever during pregnancy [16].…”

Section: Psychosismentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Antibiotics such as Metronidazole, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolides, Beta-lactams and Sulfonamides are most likely to cause encephalopathy [2,[7][8][9][10][11]16]. The various features of AAE have been reviewed by Bhattacharya et al Based on these features, encephalopathy has been categorized into three classes, Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 AAE.…”

Section: Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychiatric Adverse Effects of Antibacterial Agents

Cyriac

Iype

2021

Int J Pharm Pharm Sci

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Anti-bacterial are agents that inhibit bacterial growth or kills bacteria and are a sub-type of antimicrobials. These are drugs used to treat infections, but they sometimes pose a threat of adverse events. Some of these adverse events are neuropsychiatric, which are generally hard to diagnose and is often paid less attention. They account for about 30% of total Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by drugs in patients without mental abnormalities. The spectrum ranges from episodes of seizure to acute psychosis. The article emphasizes the frequency of such adverse events and means to raise awareness among medical practitioners regarding the same. The various neuropsychiatric adverse effects and the agents responsible have been reviewed, along with their possible mechanisms and general management. The information for writing this review was selected by searching for keywords such as Neurotoxicity, GABA, Psychosis, Naranjo scale, and Antibiomania in databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, etc. After searching the articles in the above-mentioned databases, the articles were screened concerning their importance with our work and according to their title and abstract. Additional articles were discovered by checking the references in the current study's citations. Using this method, the various neuropsychiatric adverse effects of Antibacterial agents were summarized in this review.

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“…For this reason, it should not be surprising that many psychotropic agents retain antimicrobial properties to this day. However, with the advent of the microbiome, these historical data have recaptured the attention of researchers and clinicians, prompting some to link chronic psychosis to infection, immunity, and antimicrobial treatments ( 123 ).…”

Section: Psychotropic Drugs As Antimicrobialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Other Obesity Epidemic—Of Drugs and Bugs

et al. 2020

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Chronic psychiatric patients with schizophrenia and related disorders are frequently treatment-resistant and may require higher doses of psychotropic drugs to remain stable. Prolonged exposure to these agents increases the risk of weight gain and cardiometabolic disorders, leading to poorer outcomes and higher medical cost. It is well-established that obesity has reached epidemic proportions throughout the world, however it is less known that its rates are two to three times higher in mentally ill patients compared to the general population. Psychotropic drugs have emerged as a major cause of weight gain, pointing to an urgent need for novel interventions to attenuate this unintended consequence. Recently, the gut microbial community has been linked to psychotropic drugs-induced obesity as these agents were found to possess antimicrobial properties and trigger intestinal dysbiosis, depleting Bacteroidetes phylum. Since germ-free animals exposed to psychotropics have not demonstrated weight gain, altered commensal flora composition is believed to be necessary and sufficient to induce dysmetabolism. Conversely, not only do psychotropics disrupt the composition of gut microbiota but the later alter the metabolism of the former. Here we review the role of gut bacterial community in psychotropic drugs metabolism and dysbiosis. We discuss potential biomarkers reflecting the status of Bacteroidetes phylum and take a closer look at nutritional interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, strategies that may lower obesity rates in chronic psychiatric patients.

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Infections, antibiotic treatment and the Microbiome in relation to schizophrenia

Cited by 18 publications

References 111 publications

A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

Neuropsychiatric Adverse Effects of Antibacterial Agents

The Other Obesity Epidemic—Of Drugs and Bugs

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