Infections of <i>Kudoa septempunctata</i> (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) in Wild Grass Puffer <i>Takifugu alboplumbeus</i> and Japanese Whiting <i>Sillago japonica</i>

Abstract

though the case number has lowered. These recent incidences are thought to be associated with infected wild-and imported farmed P. olivaceus. Despite the recent expansion of Kudoa research, our knowledge about the general biology of this parasite is limited, and this hinders the establishment of a fundamental measure to prevent the infection in farmed fish.To date, the lifecycle of K. septempunctata, or for any Kudoa species, has not been elucidated. Neither fish infective stage (actinospore) nor invertebrate alternate host has been discovered for even a single Kudoa species. Furthermore, the host range of K. septempunctata remains unclear. While K. septempunctata is generally considered the parasite of a pleuronectiform P. olivaceus, it has also been recorded from black scrapers T h a m n a c o n u s m o d e s t u s ( T e t r a o d o n t i f o r m e s ; Monacanthidae) by Kasai et al. (2016). They examined 51 wild T. modestus and found 2 infected individuals, one captured in the Inland Sea of Japan and another one from the Sea of Japan. This indicates that K. septempunctata may have a wide host range and fishes other than P. olivaceus may serve as its hosts in the wild. To deepen the understanding of the biology of K. septempunctata and to elucidate its lifecycle, we have Kudoa septempunctata (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) is the first recognized food poisoning myxosporean parasite (Kawai et al., 2012;Sugita-Konishi et al., 2014). This myxozoa infects the trunk muscle of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and the consumption of raw flounder may induce transient vomiting and diarrhea. The parasite has caused the number of food poisoning cases in Japan, up to over 40 annual cases with more than 450 patients (Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare). These Kudoa-related gastroenteritis were initially attributed largely to the distribution of infected farmed flounder in the market (Yahata et al., 2015). In recent years, however, K. septempunctata infection in farmed P. olivaceus has essentially become under control in Japan, as a result of the tireless research and the development of countermeasures. The control measures involve periodic inspections of the parasite in flounder hatcheries and farms, as well as the disinfection and parasite elimination of rearing water (Nishioka et al., 2016). Despite such accomplishments, food poisoning by K. septempunctata still occurs today,

Evolution of myxozoan mitochondrial genomes: insights from myxobolids

“…Similarly, the consensus sequence of the rRNA cluster of K. septempunctata was assembled from sequences AB553293, AB617628, AB617629, AB643791, AB643792, AB643793, AB643794, AB643795, AB643796, AB643797, AB693040, AB731754, AB731755, JQ302299, LC028894, LC037195, LC037196, LC037197, LC037198, LC037199, LC037200, LC037201, LC037202, LC128640, LC128641, LC128642, LC128643, LC616853, LC616854 [ 19 , 65 , 69 – 75 ]. Finally, the sequence LC066366 [ 76 ] was used to represent K. iwatai from Japan.…”