Infections with <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> among HIV-infected Patients after  the Introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Kirk, Ole; Gatell, José M.; Mocroft, Amanda; Pedersen, Court; Proença, Rui; Brettle, R P; Barton, Simon; Sudre, Philippe; Phillips, Andrew; Lundgren, Jens D

doi:10.1164/ajrccm.162.3.9908018

Cited by 116 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The incidence rate ratio for TB among people on and off ART, IRR TB ART , has been measured in several studies (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19), giving an average value of 0.39 but ranging from 0.2 to 0.75 (SI Appendix, section 4). We assume that the duration of TB disease bears the same relationship to the incidence as it does for people not on ART (SI Appendix, section 4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiretroviral therapy for tuberculosis control in nine African countries

Williams

Granich

Cock

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

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HIV has increased the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) by up to sevenfold in African countries, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the incidence of AIDS-related TB. We use a mathematical model to investigate the short-term and long-term impacts of ART on the incidence of TB, assuming that people are tested for HIV once a year, on average, and start ART at a fixed time after HIV seroconversion or at a fixed CD4 + cell count. We fit the model to trend data on HIV prevalence and TB incidence in nine countries in sub-Saharan Africa. If HIV-positive people start ART within 5 y of seroconversion, the incidence of AIDS-related TB in 2015 will be reduced by 48% (range: 37-55%). Long-term reductions depend sensitively on the delay to starting ART. If treatment is started 5, 2, or 1 y after HIV seroconversion, or as soon as people test positive, the incidence in 2050 will be reduced by 66% (range: 57-80%), 95% (range: 93-96%), 97.7% (range: 96.9-98.2%) and 98.4% (range: 97.8-98.9%), respectively. In the countries considered here, early ART could avert 0.71 ± 0.36 [95% confidence interval (CI)] million of 3.4 million cases of TB between 2010 and 2015 and 5.8 ± 2.9 (95% CI) million of 15 million cases between 2015 and 2050. As more countries provide ART at higher CD4 + cell counts, the impact on TB should be investigated to test the predictions of this model.Africa | HIV | test-and-treat

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiretroviral therapy for tuberculosis control in nine African countries

Williams

Granich

Cock

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

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“…Conversely, in the USA and Western Europe, a decline in the incidence of TB in HIV-infected patients has been observed in the last decades; however, remarkable regional differences have been found in Europe, with rates four to seven times higher in southwest Europe than in other European regions [96,97].…”

Section: Tb and Other Mycobacteriosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century

Benito¹,

Moreno²,

Miró³

et al. 2011

Eur Respir J

176

216

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From the first descriptions of HIV/AIDS, the lung has been the site most frequently affected by the disease. Most patients develop a pulmonary complication during the history of HIV infection, mainly of infectious aetiology.Important changes in the epidemiology of HIV-related pulmonary infections have occurred. Overall, prescription of Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis and the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are the main causes.Currently, the most frequent diagnosis in developed countries is bacterial pneumonia, especially pneumococcal pneumonia, the second most frequent cause is Pneumocystis pneumonia and the third is tuberculosis. However, in Africa, tuberculosis could be the most common pulmonary complication of HIV.Pulmonary infections remain one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients, and the first cause of hospital admission in the HAART era. Achieving an aetiological diagnosis of pulmonary infection in these patients is important due to its prognostic consequences.

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“…The nature and prevalence of lung complications was characterized by the Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study (40) more than 15 years ago, before ART increased life expectancy. Although studies in the combination ART era have reported changes in pulmonary complications (29,30,41,42), HIV-related lung complications have not been systematically reassessed in multisite cohorts or compared among international sites with wide variations in ART use.…”

Section: Spectrum Of Hiv-associated Lung Infections and Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-Associated Lung Infections and Complications in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Crothers

Thompson

Burkhardt

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society

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The spectrum of lung diseases associated with HIV is broad, and many infectious and noninfectious complications of HIV infection have been recognized. The nature and prevalence of lung complications have not been fully characterized since the Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study more than 15 years ago, before antiretroviral therapy (ART) increased life expectancy. Our understanding of the global epidemiology of these diseases in the current ART era is limited, and the mechanisms for the increases in the noninfectious conditions, in particular, are not well understood. The Longitudinal Studies of HIV-Associated Lung Infections and Complications (Lung HIV) Study (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00933595) is a collaborative multi-R01 consortium of research projects established by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to examine a diverse range of infectious and noninfectious pulmonary diseases in HIV-infected persons. This article reviews our current state of knowledge of the impact of HIV on lung health and the development of pulmonary diseases, and highlights ongoing research within the Lung HIV Study.

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Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium among HIV-infected Patients after the Introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Cited by 116 publications

References 27 publications

Antiretroviral therapy for tuberculosis control in nine African countries

Antiretroviral therapy for tuberculosis control in nine African countries

Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century

HIV-Associated Lung Infections and Complications in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

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