Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Poultry Farming: Vaccination, Immune Response and Measures for Mitigation

Abstract

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses significant financial and biosecurity challenges to the commercial poultry farming industry. IBV is the causative agent of multi-systemic infection in the respiratory, reproductive and renal systems, which is similar to the symptoms of various viral and bacterial diseases reported in chickens. The avian immune system manifests the ability to respond to subsequent exposure with an antigen by stimulating mucosal, humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, the immune response against IBV presents a dilemma due to the similarities between the different serotypes that infect poultry. Currently, the live attenuated and killed vaccines are applied for the control of IBV infection; however, the continual emergence of IB variants with rapidly evolving genetic variants increases the risk of outbreaks in intensive poultry farms. This review aims to focus on IBV challenge–infection, route and delivery of vaccines and vaccine-induced immune responses to IBV. Various commercial vaccines currently have been developed against IBV protection for accurate evaluation depending on the local situation. This review also highlights and updates the limitations in controlling IBV infection in poultry with issues pertaining to antiviral therapy and good biosecurity practices, which may aid in establishing good biorisk management protocols for its control and which will, in turn, result in a reduction in economic losses attributed to IBV infection.

Colorimetric Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus (COVID-19) in Artificial Saliva Using Polydiacetylene Paper Strips

“…The PDA sensor design can also be applied for the detection of Alphacoronaviruses (α-CoV), Betacoronaviruses (β-CoV), Gammacoronaviruses (γ-CoV), and Deltacoronaviruses (δ-CoV) [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. The detection capabilities of this sensor may be improved with the creation of a smartphone application capable of instantaneous RCS readout.…”

Differential Virulence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Serotypes Explained by Exoproteome Heterogeneity

“…Serotyping is a common and very important approach to distinguish particular bacterial or viral isolates, understand their biological evolution, track outbreaks, and even to monitor the burden of diseases ( 37 – 39 ). Moreover, the serotyping mirrors the immune responses to pathogens, thereby providing clues concerning their interactions with the immune system ( 40 ).…”

Modeling pandemic to endemic patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission using parameters estimated from animal model data

“…Widespread host population immunity presents a significant force promoting viral diversification ( 73 ), particularly in highly plastic RNA viruses. Infectious bronchitis virus in chickens, first described in 1931, is an endemic coronaviral disease controlled by a broad range of nonsterilizing vaccines that must continually adapt to mutation and recombination ( 11 , 12 ). Vaccination for IBD elicits evolutionary drive away from vaccine specific antigenic determinants ( 3 ), as demonstrated in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ( 13 ).…”

“…Predicting the path of COVID-19 to endemic status can be aided by study of other endemic animal coronaviruses ( 1–6 ). Common elements of coronaviral infection in humans and animals is their tendency to cross the species barrier ( 7 , 8 ), and to follow a pandemic-to-endemic trajectory shaped by nonsterilizing immunity ( 4 , 5 , 9 ), generally declining disease severity ( 9 , 10 ), immune evasion following vaccination ( 3 , 11 ), and periodic resurgence associated with new variants ( 6 , 12 , 13 ).…”