Infectious Coryza and Related Bacterial Infections

Blackall, P. J.; Soriano‐Vargas, Edgardo

doi:10.1002/9781119371199.ch20

Cited by 54 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Genera with known poultry pathogens were shared between URT and LIT ecosystems. Bacteria associated with several poultry diseases belong to several genera, including, but not limited to, Clostridium (30), Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus (31), Avibacterium, Haemophilus, Gallibacterium, Ornithobacterium (32,33), Mycoplasma (34), and Escherichia-Shigella (35). Figure 8 and S4 illustrate that OTUs belonging to these genera were shared between the URT and LIT sites and display their dynamics across age groups.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farm Stage, Bird Age, and Body Site Dominantly Affect the Quantity, Taxonomic Composition, and Dynamics of Respiratory and Gut Microbiota of Commercial Layer Chickens

Ngunjiri

Taylor

Abundo

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

102

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The digestive and respiratory tracts of chickens are colonized by bacteria that are believed to play important roles in the overall health and performance of the birds. Most of the current research on the commensal bacteria (microbiota) of chickens has focused on broilers and gut microbiota, and less attention has been given to layers and respiratory microbiota. This research bias has left significant gaps in our knowledge of the layer microbiome. This study was conducted to define the core microbiota colonizing the upper respiratory tract (URT) and lower intestinal tract (LIT) in commercial layers under field conditions. One hundred eighty-one chickens were sampled from a flock of Ͼ80,000 birds at nine times to collect samples for 16S rRNA gene-based bacterial metabarcoding. Generally, the body site and age/farm stage had very dominant effects on the quantity, taxonomic composition, and dynamics of core bacteria. Remarkably, ileal and URT microbiota were compositionally more related to each other than to that from the cecum. Unique taxa dominated in each body site yet some taxa overlapped between URT and LIT sites, demonstrating a common core. The overlapping bacteria also contained various levels of several genera with well-recognized avian pathogens. Our findings suggest that significant interaction exists between gut and respiratory microbiota, including potential pathogens, in all stages of the farm sequence. The baseline data generated in this study can be useful for the development of effective microbiome-based interventions to enhance production performance and to prevent and control disease in commercial chicken layers. IMPORTANCE The poultry industry is faced with numerous challenges associated with infectious diseases and suboptimal performance of flocks. As microbiome research continues to grow, it is becoming clear that poultry health and production performance are partly influenced by nonpathogenic symbionts that occupy different habitats within the bird. This study has defined the baseline composition and overlaps between respiratory and gut bacteria in healthy, optimally performing chicken layers across all stages of the commercial farm sequence. Consequently, the study has set the groundwork for the development of interventions that seek to enhance production performance and to prevent and control infectious diseases through the modulation of gut and respiratory bacteria.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farm Stage, Bird Age, and Body Site Dominantly Affect the Quantity, Taxonomic Composition, and Dynamics of Respiratory and Gut Microbiota of Commercial Layer Chickens

Ngunjiri

Taylor

Abundo

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

102

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“…Avibacterium paragallinarum, a Gram-negative bacterium from the family Pasteurellaceae, is the causative agent of infectious coryza, an upper respiratory disease of chickens. A. paragallinarum strains are classified into three serogroups (A, B, and C) having nine hemagglutinin (HA) serovars (A-1 to A-4, B-1, and C-1 to C-4) (6). The serogroups A, B, and C represent three distinct immunovars.…”

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confidence: 99%

First report on the molecular detection, phylogeny, virological and pathological investigations of Avibacterium paragallinarum in chickens in Turkey

Umar¹,

Öngör²,

Bayraktar³

et al. 2020

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Avibacterium paragallinarum is an important pathogen affecting the respiratory tract of chickens. There is a paucity of information on the molecular characteristics and pathology of A. paragallinarum in Turkish poultry flocks. In the present study, broiler and layer flocks (n = 2) suspected of viral infections with serious respiratory signs and significant mortality were visited. Chickens showed various disease signs and necropsy lesions, including purulent nasal discharge, respiratory distress, facial edema, sticky eyes, mucoid tracheitis, hemorrhagic inflammation of the infraorbital sinuses along with fibrinous mass and conjunctivitis. Histopathological lesions included loss of cilia along with necrosis and exfoliation of the superficial mucosal epithelium of the trachea, facial cellulitis, dermatitis, fibrinous plasmatic edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells, especially heterophils. A. paragallinarum was detected in tissue samples by species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the core region of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed that Turkish strains detected here belonged to serotype A (serovar A1). They were related to strains reported from India (VRDC), the United States (0083), and Japan (0221), which are representatives of serovar A1. A homology of 88-90% was found between Indian strains and the Turkish strains detected in this study. Surprisingly, only vaccine strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were detected as a co-infecting agent in all samples positive for A. paragallinarum. Our findings suggest that A. paragallinarum may be an emerging pathogen in Turkish poultry flocks, and direct PCR may facilitate rapid diagnosis of infectious coryza. These results will also help to develop control strategies for A. paragallinarum.

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“…2,7 The commercial layer industry relies mainly on field vaccination for infectious coryza control, most commonly based on the use of autogenous bacterins. 2 The distribution of layer and broiler operations within close geographic proximity represents a significant risk of transmission of A. paragallinarum between flocks, particularly in cases of suboptimal biosecurity. 7 Infectious coryza typically occurs as an upper respiratory infection characterized by involvement of the nasal passages and infraorbital sinuses, facial edema, and conjunctivitis.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The vision of one bird appeared significantly impaired because of palpebral edema and eyelid adhesions resulting from the accumulation of brown dried exudate along the edges of upper and lower eyelids. All birds were euthanized by CO 2 , and blood samples were collected from the femoral vein. At autopsy, infraorbital sinuses contained variable amounts of a mucopurulent white exudate (n = 3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Skin, brain, cranial bone, infraorbital sinus, air sac, and lung were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Each sample was plated onto 5% sheep blood agar, MacConkey agar, and chocolate blood agar plates, incubated at 37°C and 7% CO 2 , and examined at 24 and 48 h post-incubation. Staphylococcus aureus nurse cultures were cross-streaked onto both blood agar and chocolate blood agar plates.…”

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Otitis and meningoencephalitis associated with infectious coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum) in commercial broiler chickens

et al. 2018

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Infectious coryza, caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, is an acute respiratory disease of poultry that can result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. In March 2017, the Turlock branch of the California Animal Health and Food Safety laboratory system encountered an unusual clinical and pathologic presentation of infectious coryza in 6 live, 29-d-old, commercial broiler chickens that were submitted for diagnostic investigation. Antemortem evaluation revealed severe neurologic signs, including disorientation, torticollis, and opisthotonos. Swollen head-like syndrome and sinusitis were also present. Histologically, severe sinusitis, cranial osteomyelitis, otitis media and interna, and meningoencephalitis were noted, explaining the clinical signs described. A. paragallinarum was readily isolated from the upper and lower respiratory tract, brain, and cranial bones. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was also detected by PCR, and IBV was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs. Based on sequencing analysis, the IBV appeared 99% homologous to strain CA1737. A synergistic effect between A. paragallinarum and IBV, resulting in exacerbation of clinical signs and increased mortality, may have occurred in this case. A. paragallinarum should be considered among the possible causes of neurologic signs in chickens. Appropriate media should be used for bacterial isolation, and the role of additional contributing factors and/or complicating agents should be investigated in cases of infectious coryza.

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Infectious Coryza and Related Bacterial Infections

Cited by 54 publications

References 106 publications

Farm Stage, Bird Age, and Body Site Dominantly Affect the Quantity, Taxonomic Composition, and Dynamics of Respiratory and Gut Microbiota of Commercial Layer Chickens

Farm Stage, Bird Age, and Body Site Dominantly Affect the Quantity, Taxonomic Composition, and Dynamics of Respiratory and Gut Microbiota of Commercial Layer Chickens

First report on the molecular detection, phylogeny, virological and pathological investigations of Avibacterium paragallinarum in chickens in Turkey

Otitis and meningoencephalitis associated with infectious coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum) in commercial broiler chickens

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